respiration

Annotations:

• key words: respiration- the chemical reaction by which we extract energy from food breathing/ventillation/gas exchange-the physical process by which we get oxygen into our body

1. the respiratory system
   1. parts
      1. larynx

         Annotations:

         • the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box
      2. ribs

         Annotations:

         • bones that create a frame round the chest of an animal to protect vital organs
      3. intercostal muscles

         Annotations:

         • Intercostal muscles are several groups of musclesthat run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. The intercostal muscles are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing. These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to facilitate breathing.
         1. external

            Annotations:

            • when you breath out they relax and when you breath out they contract
         2. internal

            Annotations:

            • when you breath in they relax and when you breath out they contract
      4. pleural membrane

         Annotations:

         • The pleural membrane is thin, moist, slippery and has two layers. The outer, or parietal, pleura lines the inside of the rib cage and the diaphragm while the inner, visceral or pulmonary, layer covers the lungs. Between the two layers is the pleural cavity which holds fluid this allows the ribs and lungs to move easily and smoothly
      5. diaphragm

         Annotations:

         • a dome-shaped muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.
      6. bronchiole

         Annotations:

         • a minute branch into which a bronchus divides.
      7. bronchus

         Annotations:

         • a major air passage of the lungs which diverges from the windpipe.
      8. trachea

         Annotations:

         • a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
      9. thorax

         Annotations:

         • area of the lungs above the diaphagm
      10. abdomen
   2. lay out
2. aerobic and anaerobic respiration
   1. aerobic respiration
      1. chemical equation
      2. amount of energy it releases

         Annotations:

         • 36 molecules of A.T.P
      3. what animals want to do
      4. where it happens

         Annotations:

         • mitochondria
   2. anaerobic respiration
      1. chemical equation
      2. what animals do when they don't have enough oxygen
         1. what Fungi always do
      3. amount of energy it releases

         Annotations:

         • 2 molecules of A.T.P/1/20 of aerobic respiration
      4. where it happens

         Annotations:

         • cytoplasm
   3. how the energy is used

      Annotations:

      • once respiration is complete the energy is stored in energy packets so as not to damage the cells this is called an A.T P molecule(adenosine triphosphate). the energy can now be used when it is needed.
3. alveoli/alviolus(sing.)
   1. what they do

      Annotations:

      • Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the alveoli. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses through the walls of the alveoli  and adjacent capillaries into the red blood cells. The oxygen is then carried by the blood to the body tissues.
   2. diagram of alvioli
   3. diagram of an alviolus
4. diseases
   1. emphysema

      Annotations:

      • a condition in which the alveoli in the lungs are damaged and enlarged(normally by some), causing breathlessness. sometimes lethal.
   2. bronchitus

      Annotations:

      • when your cilia are damaged and cannot sweep away any dirty mucus
   3. carbon monoxide poisoning

      Annotations:

      • carbon monoxide combines with hymoglobin instead of oxygen allowing less oxygen in the blood causing breathlessness. sometimes lethal. this happens as the hymoglobin prefers to combine with carbon monoxide rather than oxygen
   4. lung cancer

      Annotations:

      • caused by carcinogens in tar creates mutated cell that replicates uncontrolably
5. experiments to show how respiration produces heat and co2
   1. CO2

      Annotations:

      • put some hydrogencarbonate indicator solution and a gauze platform resting a few cockroaches on it a boiling tube. then stop the tube with a bung. the hydrogencarbonate indicator should change colour
   2. heat

      Annotations:

      • put 2 sets of peas which have been disinfected in 2 inverted vacume flasks, with a themometer in it, leaving some air in each. make sure one has been soaked in water for 24 hours so they germinate and one has boiled to kill them. finally measure any temp change