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3995597
CYOA-Concepts of Ch. 2
Description
Overview of Chapter 2, 2.3-2.4
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carbon
macromolecules
chemical reactions
enzymes
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epicmcjaguar
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epicmcjaguar
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Resource summary
CYOA-Concepts of Ch. 2
Changes in Energy and Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions involve changes in bonds
9. How reactions occur
Reactions that release energy occur on their own
Reactions that absorb energy need an outside source
10. Parts of a reaction
Chemical reaction - process that changes one set of chemicals into another
Reactants - Elements/Compounds entering a chemical reaction
Products - Elements/Compounds produces by a chemical reaction
Activation energy - Energy needed to start a reaction
Organisms must have a source of energy in order to carry out chemical reactions
Functions of Enzymes
What enzymes are
Substrates - reactants of enzyme reactions, bind to active site of enzymes
Provide a site where reactants are brought together to react
Are biological catalysts, are in cells
Catalyst - Substance that speeds up rate of Chemical Reaction
Uses of enzymes
Make needed materials
Transfer information
Control chemical pathways
release energy
8. How enzymes are affected
Activity can be affected by temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules
Can be switched "on" and "off" by regulatory molecules
Qualities of Carbon
Carbon bonds
1. Elements it can bond with
Can bond with many elements including H, O, P, S, and N
Can form molecules of life with these elements
2. Types of bonds
Can form strong covalent bonds
Carbons can bind to each other, forming chains
Can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds
Have 4 valence electrons
The four groups of macromolecules
Smaller units - monomers - join to form larger units - polymers
Carbohydrates
Consist of C,H, and O
3. Uses of Carbs
Main source of energy
Also used for structure
Is sugar, stored as starch
4. Types of sugar molecules
Polysaccharides - molecules composed of several sugars - includes glycogen
Monosaccharides - molecules that are only one sugar - includes glucose, galactose, fructose
Lipids
consist of mostly C and H
Uses of lipids
Another form of energy storage
Also used for waterproofing
Are formed when glycerol combines with fatty acids
6. Types of lipids
Saturated - fatty acids cannot hold any more H atoms
Unsaturated - Contains at least 1 C=C bond
Proteins
Consist of N, C, H, and O
made of amino acids - made of an amino acid group and a carboxyl group
7. Uses of proteins
Control rate of reactions
Form important cellular structures
Regulate cell processes
Transport substances in and out of cells
Fight disease
Amino acid bonding
Any amino acid can join with another
By bonding an amino group to a carboxyl group
Nucleic Acids
Store and transmit genetic information
Are DNA and RNA
5. What they are made of
Consists of H, O, N, C, and P
Made of nucleotides - made of 5-carbon sugar, P group, and nitrogenous base
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