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3503798
The Components of an Operating System
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By: Jessica Kramarczyk NOTE: Assumptions are marked by a star in the bottom- right hand corner of nodes
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The Components of an Operating System
NETWORKING
Connects computers
There will be communication between them
When the user has a required subnet
Does not share:
Memory
Peripheral devices
A clock
Does share:
Data with two or more computing devices
Use TCP/IP networking protocols
TCP uses IP, and IP uses TCP.
TCP ensures that every packet/signal, reaches the correct destination.
It will keep on sending the same packet until it reaches it's correct destinaion
TCP: Trasmission Control Protocol
IP: Internet Protocol
Masks on an IP network protocol determine how many subnets a user will want to have
How many computers will be allowed access to connect to the main network
Ex. There are 64 subnets in a Class A network that uses 6 bits for a subnet id
Area networks:
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Computers connected together with Ethernet cables
Homes
School
Small office building
Ethernet cables allow communication between computers
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Cities
Provinces
Across the world
The largest WAN is the Internet
Spans a large geographical area
WANs consist of two or moe LANs
Things to consider when networking:
Routing Stratagies
Performed for many kinds of networks
Telephone network
Electronic Data netwroks
Transportation networks
Selecting the best paths in a network
Connection Stratagies
Security
Access to shared resources allows:
Computation speed up
increased data availability
Enhanced reliability
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
Uses resources provided by the OS, whether they are whole programs or fractions of a program, to work on given tasks.
Tasks are received by the CPU
Central Processing Unit
Electronic chip within a computer that carries out instructions of a computer program
Executes instructions one after the other in main memory and therefore the program runs.
At times if one does not need the whole program code at once
A fraction of it is loaded in the main memory
Is responsible for:
Creation, loading, executing and deletion of processes
Processes suspension and resumption
Provides a mechanisms for :
Process synchronization
Process communication: to send data to each other
Switching amongst multiple processes in main memory
Controls shared data
Keeps it consistent
The OS must:
Set apart resources to processes
This is to share and exchange information
Protect the resources
From being used by other processes
Enable synchronization among processes
Other information:
It is a unit of work in an operating system
A process is not a program but instead one instant of a program in execution
Deadlock situation:
Three running processes will wait forever
MAIN MEMORY MANAGEMENT
A large array of words or bytes
Each have their own address
The CPU can access this space
a.k.a. Primary memory
There is accessible storage provided by the CPU
Tasks:
Keeping track of memory
Usage
Who is using it
When memory becomes available
Will ask itself which process will be loaded in memory
Virtual Memory Management
A computer’s memory is arranged in a hierarchical manner
Starts from fastest registers
CPU cache
Random Access Memory
Disk storage
Responsible for:
Which component of the computer’s memory is available
Which memory will be allocated and dellocated
How data will move between components
Increases amount of memory available for each process
When will the process will require more RAM?
If using disks as memory
If using slower storage as memory
Managing Virtual Addresses
If multiple processes are in memory at the same time
Must remain separate
Having separate address space helps the processes
Address is assigned to them
This is tracked
When the process is finished being used there is space for new processes
COMMAND INTERPRETER
What is it:
User types in commands
Interpreter carries them out
It translates the commands/instructions
So the OS may understand it and executes the command
Commands can be given by:
The user
A program
It is not part of the OS even if every OS provides the system programs
Some people believe it is a part of the OS
It allows users to interact with the OS
Windows
DOS Command Window
Unix/Linux
CSHELL
Bash
Shell or Command-line interpreter:
Reads and interprets commands
Shell is not part of the operating system
Users can submit commands for:
Networking
Protection
I/O Handling
Main Memory
Process creation and management
Secondary Storage Management
File System Access
SECURITY/PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Various processes must be protected from multiple user’s activities
There are different types of parts to protect:
Hardware resources
Kernel code
Loaded into a protected area of memory
Prevent it from being overwritten by programs or other parts of the operating system
Responsible for:
Memory management
Process and task management
Disk management
Processes
Files
Data
Against malicious programs
Against malware programs
With firewalls
Use anitvirus software
Block spyware
Different types of OSs there is some level of security
Mac OS X:
Itself is designed to protect a users computer
Mac: ClamXav antiviruse (used as a backup for security but not necessary)
Windows:
Windows Defender
Microsoft Security Essentials
Linux:
ClamAV security software
Snort security software
Security is based on:
How the operating system provides access to a number of resources
The services provided by the program running
This component must:
Determine who is allowed access to certain files and who is not
With some programs once running have an identity but do not need to request a login
With request outside of the computer a login password must be given to authenticate the user
FILE MANAGEMENT
A file is a collection of related information
Can represent programs and data
Files can be stored on a disk (secondary storage)
Long term storage
Must be efficient and convenient
Examples of storage media:
Magnetic tape
Magnetic disk
Optical disk
Has different properities:
Speed
Capacity
Data transfer rate
Access methods
File systems are organized into directories
Directories contain files and other directions
a.k.a. folders, catalogs, drawers
Organized into a hierarchical filesystem
1. Directory
2. Subdirectory
Parent and Child are used to describe the relationship
Tasks:
Create
Manipulate
Delete files
Directories
I/O SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
Input/Output
Input only devices:
Printers
Hard disks
Keyboards
Mouses
Drawing tablets
Output only devices:
Printers
Both Input and Output devices:
Hard disks
Diskettes
Writable CD-ROMs
Modems
Network Cards
Peculiarities
The OS hides the peculiarities of the I/O devices from the user
Only the device driver knows to whom it is assigned
Ensure proper use of devices
Prevents errors
Tasks
Hides the details of hardware devices
Manage main memory for the devices
Using:
Cache
Buffer
Spooling
Maintain and provide device driver interfaces
Used by people or systems to communicate with a computer
Any program, or device that transfers data
To a computer
From a computer
SECONDARY-STORAGE MANAGEMENT
Systems have different levels of storage:
Primary
Secondary
Cache
a collection of the same type stored in a hidden/inaccessible place
Main memory is
Too small to keep all data and programs
Main memory minimum: 32 megabytes
Data is lost when power is shut off
Secondary storage is used to backup main memory
Consists of:
Tapes
Disks
Other media designed to hold information
Addresses:
Each location in storage has its own address
Address space:
Set of all addresses available to a program
OS is responsible for:
Free space management
Storage allocation and defrag blocks
Disk scheduling
By: Jessica Kramarczyk
NOTE: Assumptions are marked by a star in the bottom- right hand corner of nodes
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