3473113
organic chemistry
- CRUDE OIL
- crude oils is a mixture of hydrocarbons
- fractional distillation of crude oil
- 1) crude oil is vapourised , 2) the compounds evaporated
and the vapourised crude oil enters the fractioning tower, 3)
the smaller the molecules, the lower their boiling point-->
the higher they rise in the tower before condensing and
being collected as fractions [compounds with the lowest
boiling points are obtained at the top of the tower
- produces more long-chain hydrocarbons (supply
greater than demand and less useful) that can be used
directly and fewer short- chain hydrocarbons
(demand greater than supply, more useful) than
required therefore cracking necessary(produces a
mixture of alkanes and alkenes of varying lengths
- cracking process: (thermal decomposition): 1)
catalyst mixture of silica [silicon dioxide] and
alumina [aluminium oxide]--> porous pot, 2)
600 degrees
- cracking process: (thermal decomposition): 1)
catalyst mixture of silica [silicon dioxide] and
alumina [aluminium oxide]--> porous pot, 2)
600 degrees
- the mixture of compounds in crude oil is
separated because the compounds have
different numbers of carbon atoms and
therefore have different boiling points and
so condense at different temperatures in
the tower
- as you go up the tower the boiling point decreases, the
lower the boiling point, the paler in colour, less viscous the
liquid, more volatile, more flammable, the clearer the flame
on combustion
- Refinery gases (fuel), Gasoline (petrol), Kerosene
(fuel in jet engines), Diesel (fuel in diesel engines),
fuel oil (fuel in ships), Residue/ Bitumen (used to
make bitumen for surfacing roads
- 1) crude oil is vapourised , 2) the compounds evaporated
and the vapourised crude oil enters the fractioning tower, 3)
the smaller the molecules, the lower their boiling point-->
the higher they rise in the tower before condensing and
being collected as fractions [compounds with the lowest
boiling points are obtained at the top of the tower
- crude oils is a mixture of hydrocarbons
- incomplete combustion: may produce carbon
monoxide which is poisonous because it reduces the
capacity of the blood to carry oxygen
- car engines: temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen
and oxygen from air to react, forming nitrogen oxides and sulfur
dioxides which are pollutant gases that contribute to acid rain
- Problems of acid rain: corrosion of buildings and
metal statues, acidifies lakes: kills equatic animals
- Problems of acid rain: corrosion of buildings and
metal statues, acidifies lakes: kills equatic animals
- ALKENES
- gen
- unsaturated, double bonds
- addition of halogens: one
product
- Hydrogenation ( addition og hydrogen)
- conditions
- 150 degrees, nickel catalyst
- 150 degrees, nickel catalyst
- margarine manufacture, liquid oils
into solid facts
- conditions
- gen
- TEST FOR UNSATURATED (ALKENES)/ SATURATED (ALKENES) COMPOUNDS
- 1) addition of bromine water, 2) orange/ brown bromine
water is decolourised in alkenes, 3) orange/ brown
bromine water would remain its colour in alkanes
- 1) addition of bromine water, 2) orange/ brown bromine
water is decolourised in alkenes, 3) orange/ brown
bromine water would remain its colour in alkanes
- ALKANES
- saturated, only single bonds
- the greater the chain length, the greater the
attractions between the molecules (intermolecular
forces)--> more difficult it is to overcome therefore the
boiling point increases furthermore more energy is
requires
- combustion
- complete: carbon dioxide and water produced
- incomplete: carbon monoxide and water
produced OR carbon and water produced
- complete: carbon dioxide and water produced
- Substitution reaction: two products
- alkanes react with halogens in the
prescence of UV light
- alkanes react with halogens in the
prescence of UV light
- saturated, only single bonds
- ETHANOL
- alcohols form a homologous series with the functional group -OH
- manufacture of ethanol
- passing ethene and steam over a
phospheric acid catalyst at a temparature
of 300 degrees and pressure of 60-70
atmosphere
- finite resources (crude oil), continuous flow (more
efficient), rapid, produces purer ethanol, high temp. and
pressure (high energy input)
- finite resources (crude oil), continuous flow (more
efficient), rapid, produces purer ethanol, high temp. and
pressure (high energy input)
- fermentation of sugars at a temperature of 30 degrees, zymase, sugar sauce, anerobic
- renewable (sugar cane), batch process (inefficient), slow,
produces impure ethanol, general temperature and normal
pressure
- renewable (sugar cane), batch process (inefficient), slow,
produces impure ethanol, general temperature and normal
pressure
- passing ethene and steam over a
phospheric acid catalyst at a temparature
of 300 degrees and pressure of 60-70
atmosphere
- drinks, fuel and slovents
- dehydration of ethanol produces ethene (hot
catalyst--> aluminium oxide)
- alcohols form a homologous series with the functional group -OH
- SYNTHETIC POLYMER
- an addition polymer is formed by joining up many small
molecules called monomers they are also hard to dispose
of as their inertness means that they do not easily
biodegrade
- uses of polychloroethane (guttering and electrical
insulation), uses of polyethene (packaging, electrical
insulator, plastic bowl, buckets), uses of polypropene
(packaging and ropes)
- problems with polyalkenes: non- biodegradability and
problems of disposal as HCN and HCl can be formed
from some polymers, solutions: recycling and
production of biodegradable polymers
- some polymers (e.g. nylon) form by condensation
polymerisation--> produces a small molecule e.g.
water or hydrogen chloride as well as the polymer
- an addition polymer is formed by joining up many small
molecules called monomers they are also hard to dispose
of as their inertness means that they do not easily
biodegrade
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