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Science
- CUDOS NORMS.
- Science can only thrive as a major institution if it receives
support from other institutions and values.Science needs a
set of norms to serve as a goal and help scentific knowledge
growth. These are :
- Communism
- Scientific knowledge is
not private property
and scientists must
share it, otherwise
knowledge cannot grow.
- Scientific knowledge is
not private property
and scientists must
share it, otherwise
knowledge cannot grow.
- Universalism
- The truth or falsification of
scientific knowledge is judged
by a universal, objective
criteria. It is NOT by the
particular race, sex etc of the
scientist who produces it.
- The truth or falsification of
scientific knowledge is judged
by a universal, objective
criteria. It is NOT by the
particular race, sex etc of the
scientist who produces it.
- Disinterestedness
- Being committed to discovering
knowledge for its own sake.
- Being committed to discovering
knowledge for its own sake.
- Organised Scepticism
- Every idea is open to questioning,
criticism and objective investigation.
- Every idea is open to questioning,
criticism and objective investigation.
- Science can only thrive as a major institution if it receives
support from other institutions and values.Science needs a
set of norms to serve as a goal and help scentific knowledge
growth. These are :
- POPPER : Open belief systems
- Science is an open belief system.
- Governed by the principle of
'Falsification'
- Discarding falsified knowledge is what
enables scientific knowledge of the world to
grow.
- Discarding falsified knowledge is what
enables scientific knowledge of the world to
grow.
- Scientific knowledge is 'cumulative' - it builds
on acheivments of previous scientists to
develop greater understanding of the world
around us.
- Key thing about scientific knowledge is that it is not
sacred or absolute truth.
- Governed by the principle of
'Falsification'
- Science is an open belief system.
- Closed belief systems
- HORTON.
- Open and Closed systems of belief. CLOSED : Knowledge
claims made cannot be overturned. Whenever it is
threatened it has a number of devices that reinforce the
system and prevent it from being disproved.
- EVANS-PRITCHARDS STUDY OF AZANDE WITCHCRAFT TRIBE.
- AZANDE tribe believe natural events = natural
causes. However, don't believe in coincidence or
chance. They explain in terms of witchcraft.
- Witch does harm unintentionally as it comes
from their intestines. This performs useful
social functions as it clears air from festering,
encourages people to act consirately, Imporant
social mechanism in ensuring cooperation and
conformity.
- AZANDE tribe believe natural events = natural
causes. However, don't believe in coincidence or
chance. They explain in terms of witchcraft.
- EVANS-PRITCHARDS STUDY OF AZANDE WITCHCRAFT TRIBE.
- Open and Closed systems of belief. CLOSED : Knowledge
claims made cannot be overturned. Whenever it is
threatened it has a number of devices that reinforce the
system and prevent it from being disproved.
- POLAYNI.
- Belief systems have three devices to sustain
themselves in the face of contradiction, these are -
- Circulatory - explained in terms of
another idea within the system and so on.
- subsidary - can be explained in terms of
incorrect use of text/magic etc..
- Denial of legitimacy to rivals - reject
alternative worldviews by refusing to
grant any legitimacy to their basic
assumptions.
- Circulatory - explained in terms of
another idea within the system and so on.
- Belief systems have three devices to sustain
themselves in the face of contradiction, these are -
- KUHN : Paradigm.
- Mature sciences are based on a set of
shared assumptions called 'paradgims'
- Paradgims lay out broad outlines and scientists jobs are
to fill in the details. Scientific training/education is a
process of being socialised into faith in truth of the
paradigm.
- Paradgims lay out broad outlines and scientists jobs are
to fill in the details. Scientific training/education is a
process of being socialised into faith in truth of the
paradigm.
- Any scientist who challenges the paradgim is likely to
be ridiculed. The only exceptions are during periods of
'scienific revolution' whereby the faith of the paradgim
has already been undermined. Only then do scientists
become open to radically new ideas.
- Mature sciences are based on a set of
shared assumptions called 'paradgims'
- HORTON.
- Ideology.
- DEFINITION
- A worldview or a set of ideas and values.
- A worldview or a set of ideas and values.
- Marxist Ideology
- Two opposite classes ; Ruling Class (Bourgouise) and Working Class (Proleteriate)
- R.C Own means of mass production, and also own the
production and distribution of ideas through
institutions such as Education, Religion etc. These
produce ruling class ideology which justifies the status
quo.
- R.C Own means of mass production, and also own the
production and distribution of ideas through
institutions such as Education, Religion etc. These
produce ruling class ideology which justifies the status
quo.
- GRAMSCI : Ruling class' ideological domination
is called 'Hegamony' Working Class can develop
ideas that challange ruling class hegamony.
- W.C. have a dual consciousness - a
mixture of ruling class ideologies and
ideas they develop from their own direct
experience of exploitation and their
struggles against it.
- ABERCROMBIE ET AL : Not the existence of a
dominant ideology that keeps workers in line and
prevents attempts to overthrow capitalism.
Economic factors such as fear of unemployment
also keep workers from rebelling.
- W.C. have a dual consciousness - a
mixture of ruling class ideologies and
ideas they develop from their own direct
experience of exploitation and their
struggles against it.
- Two opposite classes ; Ruling Class (Bourgouise) and Working Class (Proleteriate)
- KARL MANNHEIM
- All belief systems are partial or have a one-sided
worldview. Two broad types :
- IDEOLOGICAL THOUGHT : Keeping
things as they are. Interests the
privileged groups as it believes we
should maintain the staus quo and
tends to favor heiarchy.
- UTOPIAN THOUGHT : Justifies
social change, Reflects interests of
the underprivilleged and offers new
versions of how society could be
organised differently. (E.g.
Marxism)
- IDEOLOGICAL THOUGHT : Keeping
things as they are. Interests the
privileged groups as it believes we
should maintain the staus quo and
tends to favor heiarchy.
- Intellectuals must be
detached from social groups
they represent and create a
non-aligned free floating
intelligetsia.
- All belief systems are partial or have a one-sided
worldview. Two broad types :
- Feminist ideology
- Gender inequality is the fundamental division and patriarchal ideology
plays a key role in legitamising it.
- Gender inequality is the fundamental division and patriarchal ideology
plays a key role in legitamising it.
- DEFINITION
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