GLADSTONE AND IRISH REFORM 1868-82 (1)

Gladstones mission was to ' pacify Ireland'
Fenianism 1868
1. members of secret revolutionary organisation (IRB)
2. committed to the forcible overthrow of British power and the establishment of independent Irish republic
3. transferred their activities to the English mainland know as ' the fenian outrages'
  1. September 1867 at Manchester , when in carrying out the successful rescue of two leading fenians from a prison van , a policemen was killed
  2. second incident occurred in London in December where terrorists blew up part of the wall of Clerwell prison , loss of a dozen civilian lives
  3. Outrages treated with horror and anger in England
    1. 3 Fenians who were arrested and executed for the murder of the policemen became known and the 'Manchester Martyrs'
  4. First time the England felt first hand experience of the problems with in Ireland , usually colonies rebelling only affect the country in question never the British homeland
  5. Made the British public more accepting of reform
4. seriously put Irish politics on the agenda
Gladstones Irish Reforms
1. Irish church act 1869
  1. Ireland population of 5.75 million . 4.5 million were catholic
  2. disestablishment : link between stater and church of Ireland was broken
2. First Irish land act 1870
  1. gave more economic security to tenants
3. The Irish universities bill 1873
  1. Failed: would allow catholics to join the ruling class and elite
Parnell and Land League
1. land war
  1. land league fought for Three F'S : FREE SALE, FAIR RENT AND FIXED TENURE
  2. Parnells motives ??
    1. he did agree with immediate demand for thee F's but was a landlord himself
    2. motives primarily political
      1. support for a popular agrarian movement would encourage constitutional nationalism he believed and give leverage to home rulers in westminster
      2. agitation would force Brit gov to land reform and end conflict between tenants and landlords allowing landlords to join home rule cause too
2. Parnell came from a wealthy protestant family ( part of the ascendancy)
3. NEW DEPARTURE
  1. fusion of radicalism , revolutionary and constitutional nationalism - fenian alliance , agreed to stop killing
4. tactics of land league
  1. applied a boycott against farmers and those who tried to take over evicted land
  2. 'Putting him in moral Coventry , by isolating him from the rest of his kind as if he was a leper of old '
  3. was genuinely peaceful but violence did erupt on occasion
    1. police troops used regularly to guard evictions
5. 1881 Coercion Act : temporarily suspended Habeas Corpus.. could be detained without trail , more freedom for the police
6. SECOND LAND ACT 1881
  1. Introduced the 3 F's
  2. hard for Parnell to accept , had to maintain support from militant and moderates
  3. kilmainham treaty 1882
    1. government agreed to release parnell from prison and relax the coercion act and further reform the land act
    2. parnell agree to use his influence to end violence and support the land act - also agreed to consider coalition with liberals if need be
    3. The Phoenix Park murders :new accord between Gladstone and Parnell was shaken by the brutal murder of Lord Frederick Cavendish and T.H. Burke , government officials
      1. causes by ' the invincibles' a terrorist splinter group of the fenians

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GLADSTONE AND IRISH REFORM 1868-82 (1)

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