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2420138
B6a Summary
Description
B6a: Understanding Microbes
No tags specified
biology
ocr gateway
gcse
b6
viruses
bacteria
yeast
understanding microbes
mindmap
summary
biology
b6
cambridge igcse/ gcse
Mind Map by
Ciara Comerford
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Ciara Comerford
over 9 years ago
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Resource summary
B6a Summary
BACTERIA
What are bacteria?
unicellular organsims
cells are just a few micrometres long
I µm = 0.001mm
micrometre = µm
plant & animal cells are 10X bigger
Classification of Bacteria
Rod
Curved Rod
Spherical
Spiral
Handling Bacteria
aseptic techniques
wear gloves
or wash hands before and after
disinfect working areas
sterilise all equipment
never leave lid off the containers
Bacterial Reproduction
Binary Fission
in ideal conditions bacteria reproduce every 20 minutes
after 4 hours you could have 4096 bacteria
consequences on health & food storage
will reproduce if left in warm conditions
put food in fridge
colder temp. slows enzyme activity and so slower reproduction
How do they feed?
consumption of organic nutrients
carbohydrates
proteins
some make own food
photosynthetic bacteria
hydrogen sulfide/ammonia to provide energy
to make food
e.g. chemoautotrophs - organic compounds from CO2
use range of different energy sources
so live in wide range of habitats
Problems
illnesses
antibiotic resistance
Structure
Plasmid DNA
chromosomal DNA
cell wall
flagellum
(sometimes)
cell membrane
YEAST
Reproduction
asexual budding
Structure
food storage granules
cytoplasm
vacuole
cell membrane
nucleus
What are yeast?
type of fungus
1500 species have been described
1% of all fungal species
unicellular
some species with yeast forms may become multicellular
through the formation of a string of connected budding cells
typically measure 3-4 µm in diametre
some reach up to 40 µm
How can optimum growth be maintained?
food present
(glucose)
temperature
growth doubles with every 10°C reached
until optimum temp.
optimum pH
remove waste products
VIRUSES
Reproduction
1. virus attaches to a specific host cell
2. genetic material injected into host cell, host cell stops own activities & starts making new components for new viruses
3. new viruses made inside cytoplasm of host cell, using material inside host cell & genetic material from virus
4. cell splits open allowing viruses to leave but killing host cell
Structure
strand of nucleic acid
DNA or RNA
protective protein coat
capsid
tail (sometimes)
lipid membrane (sometimes)
What are viruses?
0.1µm in size
no metabolic activity
has to take over host cell to reproduce
disease
host cells make proteins for the virus
protective protein coat (capsid)
examples:
ebola
influenza
AIDs
viruses use materials from host cells
to make proteins
materials = amino acids
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