Pneumonia

Annotations:

• Microbial invasion of the lung parenchyma.

1. Classification

   Annotations:

   • Typical vs Atypical. Typical  are normally bacterial infection. Atypical infection are caused by invasions that not within the lung alveolar spaces. Location based, community acquired or nosocomical (HCAP, health care acquired pneumonia) Microbial Agents Radiological
   1. Atypical Pneumonia

      Annotations:

      • Children, adolescents, young adults 3-4 days of malaise, headache, fever, dry cough. Infection of the alveola septum Lab findings usually shows hyaline membrane formation
2. Lung Defence

   Annotations:

   • Filter from Nose Cough/Gag Reflex Epithelial airway with goblet cells, Mucus + elevator motion of cilia BALT (bronchi activated lymphoid tissue Resident Microphages
3. Demography and epidemiology

   Annotations:

   • Extremes of age Impaired drainage of secretions, i.e cystic fibrosis, obstructive neoplasm, foreign bodies. Impaired mucocilliary response Imparied consciousness Fluid in alveoli Immunodeficiency
4. Aetiology

   Annotations:

   • Standard inflammation procedure

   Attachments:

   • Acute inflammation
5. Degree of Severity

   Annotations:

   • lobar vs brochopneumonia. Histopathological changes Vascular dilation and congestion Proteinaceous exudate, incl fibrin Leucocyte inflitrate, neutrophils dominate in typical pneumonia.
6. Signs and Symptoms

   Annotations:

   • Cough Consolidation seen on chest X-ray Pleuretic chest pain Fever, neutrophil recruitment, purulent exudate Inspiratory crackles (crepitations/rales) Dullness to percussion
7. Pathogenesis

   Annotations:

   • Comes in 4 stages in the untreated course of the disease. 1st: Congestion 2nd: Red hepatization (RBC recruitment) 3rd: Grey Hepatization 4th: Resolution (replacement of tissue, and clean up of pus and exudate)
8. Complication

   Annotations:

   • Lung Abcesses Empyema Disseminated infection Respiratory failure Organisation of exudate