GCSE Psychology Revision

1. Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
1. Sensori Motor
  1. 0 - 2 Years of Age
  2. Construct knowledge of the world through coordinating experiences.
2. Pre Operational
  1. 2 - 7 Years of Age
  2. During this time, kids become increasingly adept at using symbols. Role playing also becomes a vital part of the childs life e.g. ''mommy'' ''daddy'' ''doctor''
3. Concrete Operational
  1. 7 - 12 Years of Age
  2. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children also begin looking logically into new concepts.
4. Formal Operational
  1. 12+ Years of Age
  2. This stage last from the age of 12 upwards. During this time, they develop the ability to think about abstract concepts and things such as deductive reasoning.
2. Hughes Policeman Doll Study
1. Hughes tested egocentrism with 2 intersecting walls, a doll and 2 policeman dolls.
2. The walls, are too high for the policeman dolls to see over so the child has to place the doll in a specific place to keep the doll hidden.
3. Tested 3 1/2 - 4 Year old children.
4. If the child makes any mistakes, they are pointed out and they are allowed to try again.
5. Pre-school children hiding place for the boy 90% of the time. The youngest children in the group (3 1/2 - 4 Years old) got it right 88% of the time.
3. McGarrigle and Donaldson's Naughty Teddy Study.
1. When children see a 'change' on purpose, they think that it was meant to happen so they go along with it.
2. When the change is seen to be accidental, the child will think that it wasn't meant to happen so they'll say the right answer.
3. Asked to identify how many counters where on a table.
  1. If they where moved by the 'Naughty Teddy' then the children would think that it was an accident, therefore saying that the amount there was the amount there.
  2. If they where moved by a person in 'authority' then the child would assume that it was meant to happen, so they would say the wrong amount of counters as they think that they where where moved on purpose.
4. When seen to be an accident, the kids will go on as normal but when on purpose, they change their minds.
4. Gregory's Constructivist Theory.
1. A lot of information reaches the brain, but its estimated 90% gets lost.
  1. Therefore, the brain has to guess what it's seeing based on past experiences.
    1. Resulting in schemas being formed.
5. Gibsons direct theory of perception.
1. Optical Array.
  1. The patterns of light that reach the eye from the environment
2. Relative Brightness.
  1. Objects with brighter clearer images are perceived as closer.
3. Texture Gradient.
  1. The grain of textures get smaller as the object recedes.
4. Relative Size.
  1. When the object moves further away from the eye the image gets smaller.
5. Occlusion.
  1. If the image of one object blocks the image of another object, the first object is seen as closer.
6. Height in Plane.
  1. Objects further away, are generally higher in the visual field.
6. Bruner and Minturn Perceptual Sets.
1. To notice only SOME aspects of the surroundings.
  1. Expectations.
    1. If someone sits on something, then you'll most likley thinks that it's a chair. However that isn't always the case as just because you expect something to be pone way, it may not be but due to your expectations you perceive it incorrectly.
  2. Culture.
    1. If you're brought up in a muslim family, then you will think that pigs shouldn't be eaten however if you grow up in a non-religious family, then you will be okay with eating pork.
  3. Motivation.
    1. If you see your favourite food on the table, then you'll naturally want to eat it however if you see your favourite food when you haven't eaten for days then you will see the food as more appelaing then you otherwise would because it's something that you love and need to survive.
  4. Emotion.
    1. If you're generally quite a sad person, then when you see someone that looks sad or has their head in their hands then you'll notice they're sad however if you're quite a happy person, then you may not notice that particular emotion.
7. Gilchrist and Nesberg Study of Motivation.
1. When you're motivated by something that you need/want then you will notice it more and it'll stand out to you more. e.g. If you get a new car, and it's a Land Rover than you will notice a lot more Land Rovers on the road due to your sudden interest in them.
8. Dwecks Mindset Theory.
1. Fixed Mindset.
  1. Abilities are set in stone i.e. you can't get any smarter or dumber you are born with the intelligence you will always have.
2. Growth Mindset.
  1. There is always room for improvement and you can never not learn and your intelligence isn't set in stone. It can be changed and developed and with hard work and perseverance you can learn a lot more.

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GCSE Psychology Revision

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	Created by Daniel Barnett over 6 years ago