Topic 1

Question	Answer
What is cultural deprivation?	When people lack the 'basic cultural equipment' such as language, self-discipline and reasoning skills
What is intellectual development?	This refers to the development of thinking and reasoning skills e.g. ability to solve problems and use ideas and concepts
What would stimulate a child's intellectual development?	Books, educational toys and activities
What did Douglas find in his tests of ability?	He found that middle class pupils did better than working class.
Why did they do better?	Because working class parents are less likely to support their children's intellectual development by reading with them or other educational activities.
What did Bernstein and Young find that the way mother's think about chossing a toy for their child?	They found that middle class parents were more likely to chose toys that encourage thinking and reasoning skills that would prepare them for school.
What differences in language did Bernstein identify between middle class and working class?	He identified that the middle class speak the elaborated code which includes wider vocab and complex sentence and not context bound, whereas working class would speak a more restricted code which had limited vocab and unfinished sentences that were context bound.
What advatanges does this difference give the middle class?	An advantage in school because the elaborated code is used by teachers, textbooks and exams. Because they've spoken it since they were little - they are fluent users of the code, and feel 'at home' in school.
What disadvantages does this have for the working class?	It means that the working class, are more likely to feel excluded in school and be less-successful.
What did Douglas find about the values of working class parents and the effect it had on their children?	He found that working class parents places less value on education, resulting in less ambitions for their chidlren, gave them less encouragement, and less interest in their education.
Accordint to cultural deprivation theorists, what is the main difference between the working class and the rest of society?	They have different values, attitudes, goals and beliefs, and this is why their children fail at school.
What does Hyman argue that the values and beliefs of the working class do to their children's success?	He argues that it is a 'self-imposed barrier' to their educational and career success.
What four key features did Sugarman argue that the working calss had that act as a barrier to their educational achievement?	-Fatalism - 'whatever will be, will be' and there's nothing you can do to change it. -Collectivism - valuing being apart of a group more than succeeding as an individual -Immediate gratification - seeking pelasure now than making sacrifices in order to get rewards later on -Present-time orientation - seeing the present as more important than the future so no future or long term goals.
What do working class children do with those beliefs and values and how does it affect their achievement in school?	They internalise these beliefs and values, therefore this reuslts in them under-achieving at school.
What is meant by 'compensatory education'?	Compensatory education is a policy designed to help the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools and communites in deprived areas.
What examples are there of this in America?	Operation Head Start which planned enrichment of the deprived child's environment to develop skills and instil achievement motivation. -Sesame Street = to transmit values and attitudes needed for educational success.
What examples are there in the UK?	Educational Priority Areas (EPAs) Sure Start aimed at parents and pre-school children - to promote physical, intellecutal and social development of babies and young children.
Who describes cultural deprivation as a 'victim blaming explanation'?	Keddie as she points out the a child cannot be deprived of its own culture and aruges that working class children are simply culturally different. They only fail because the education system puts them at a disadvantage.
What do Blackstone and Mortimore suggest about the interest of working class parents and their children's education?	They say that working class parents only attend fwer parents' evenings because they work longer or less regular hours.
What do some critics argue about compensatory education?	They argue that compensatory education schemes act as a smokescreen concealing the real cause of under-achievement, namely social inqueality and poverty.
What is material deprivation?	It refers to poerty and a lack of material necessities such as adepquate housing and income.
What did Flaherty identify as the most important factor to the non attendence of younger children at school?	She identified that money problems in the family is the most significant factor in the non attendence of younger children at school.
How does poor housing affect pupil's achievement directly?	An overcroaded house can have an direct effect as it makes it harder for the child to study. This eamns there is less room for educational activities, nowhere to do homework, distrubed sleep from sharing rooms etc.
How can it affect children's achievement indirectly?	Children in overcrowed houses have a greater riskof accidents, and damp housing can also cause il health, especially respiratory illnesses. Temporary homes also lead to psychological distress, infections and accidents, which all lead to more absences from school.
What did Howard find that young people from poorer homes have?	She found that young children had lower intakes of energry, vitamins and minerals - this lead to the weakening of the immune system and lowering energry levels - which in turn leads to more absences from school and difficulties concentrating in class.
What behavioural problems did Wilkinson find among 10 year olds?	He found that the lower the social calss, the high levels of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders, which all would have a negative effect on the children's education.
What did Bull mean by 'the costs of free schooling'?	He meant that equipment and educational trips are an added cost to what helps enhance a child's education.
What effect would hand-me-downs and cheap, unfashionable equipment would have on children?	It would lead to children being stigmatised or bullied by peers.
What did Tanner find that placed a heavy burden on poor families?	She found that the cost of items such as transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators, and sports, music and art equipment placed a heavy burden on them.
What factor did Mortimore and Whitty argue had a greater effect on achievement than school factors?	They argued that material inequalities ahve a greater effect on achievement than school factors.
What was Bourdieu's concept?	His concept was about three types of capital. Cultural capital, and education and economic capital. Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities of the middle class and that it gives an advantage to those who posses it. Educational and economic capital can be converted into one another for example with economic capital (money) the family can buy private education which in turns boosts the results of the child.
What did Gerwirtz find about the differences in economic and cultural capital lead to differences in how parents choose a secondary school?	She identified three different choosers: - Priviledged skill-choosers = proffesional middle calss parents who could take full advantage of the choices open to them and could pay for extra costs. - Disconnected-local choosers = where working class parents who found it difficult to understand how it works, only realistic option would be local school. - Semi-skilled choosers = working class parents with ambitions for their children but didn't understand admissions, but frustrated at their inability to get their children to the schools they wanted.

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	Created by Hannah Fernandez over 11 years ago