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| Question | Answer |
| Feminism | - Eliminating the subordination of women - Against patriarchy or rule by men (men by default, should rule → they are the best people suited to rule, this is the natural order of things) - Sex and gender: biology distinguished from culture (sex → biology -- gender → social construction/expectation) |
| Redefining the Political | - Traditional view is that politics is public; the family and personal relationships are private (extends to the right to do whatever you want within your own family → i.e. a man who beats his wife is not in the wrong, because within his family, his wife is his property) - ‘Public man’ dominates the state, education, and the economy; ‘Private woman’ restricted to home and family (women are not at the top of these domestic style occupations either → Famous chefs are primarily dominated by men) - Feminists claim that politics exists wherever there is power: state, economy, family (personal and public) |
| Sexual Inequality in History | - Aristophanes’ Lysistrata (411 B.C.): asserting women’s power (Women held a sex strike -- asserting their power -- until men would stop fighting with each other → No sex until the violence stops) - Women’s Rights Convention, Seneca Falls, New York, 1848: household tyranny; denial of civil, political, and economic rights (to university education, to vote, to earn a living); destruction of self-respect → Women did not have the fundamental basis for self-respect - Declaration of Sentiment: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal…” |
| Continuing Injustice (Amartya Sen) | - 100 million women are missing from the world - Denial of necessary nutrition and health care (if it is a choice between putting more money into save boys and putting more money into save girls, the boy will win → If you’re going to educate one, it is the boy. If you are going to cure one, it is the boy. If you’re going to save one, it is the boy.) - 44 million women ‘missing’ in China, 36 million in India |
| Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797): Wollstonecraft’s Feminism (1) | - A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) - Enlightenment commitment to reason and equality - Women and men are equals in possessing the capacity to reason (there is absolutely no proof that women have a lesser brain capacity than men → women are capable of being just as skilled in maths, science, writing, reading, and etc. as men.) |
| Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797): Wollstonecraft’s Feminism (2) | - Women are oppressed by social institutions, including education - Differences between men and women are artificial, not natural (socially constructed) - Changing institutions (e.g. marriage, education) will end inequality |
| Liberal Feminism | - Overcome overt discrimination (the legality of women ‘cannot do this job’ or ‘cannot apply for this’, etc.) - Change laws and institutions - Goal: equalize opportunities for women and men |
| Women Get the Vote | - 1893: New Zealand - 1902: Australia - 1906: Finland - 1917: Canada (there was a war → in order to ensure that the Conservatives won the election, women needed to be able to vote → women with husbands at war would vote Conservative) - 1918: United Kingdom - 1920: USA - 1944: France - 1971: Switzerland - 2005: Kuwait |
| Proportion of Women in the Lower House | 1. Rwanda - 63% 3. Cuba - 49% 5. Swedan - 44% 55. Canada - 25% 58. UK - 22% 85. USA - 17% 134. Japan - 8% Consult the Inter-Parliamentary Union: www.ipu.org |
| Radical Feminism: 1 | - Overcome sexist attitudes and beliefs - Women are subject to their own internalized harmful attitudes and false beliefs - Emphasize women’s difference (sure, women may not do the same thing as men → that does not mean they should be considered lesser, they may have other skills which can be beneficial) |
| Radical Feminism: 2 | - Male bias in setting the terms of the debate - The air we breath: “the structure and values of American society” (Catharine MacKinnon) → The patriarchal structure is so overwhelming it becomes entrenched in every aspect of American society - Women had no rule in creating the rules of the game (Philosophies and social theories are mainly created by men, from the perspective of men, and for men → These are the philosophies and social theories all of society is deeply rooted in) |
| The Justice-Care Debate | - Is justice a gendered concept? - Women value connectedness (we have to consider ourselves as interconnected beings, and have to care for each other, and work with each other) - Men value separation and abstraction (the opposite) |
| Carol Gilligan’s In A Different Voice | - Justice (male type of moral thinking) → Seeking abstract rules (overarching rules to how people should and do live) → Moral mathematics - Care (female type of moral thinking) → Consider particularities (what are the type of contexts and situations people find themselves in, and from that, what is the best way to move forwards) → Case-by-case moral reasoning → Narrative of relationships (women tend to look for a way to involve the people who have what they need, as opposed to men, who just do what they need to do) |
| Justice and Care: Some Issues | - Different voices don’t systematically match men and women - Need justice as a background virtue - Need universal moral principles (i.e. notion of equality, gender fluidity, etc.) |
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