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| Question | Answer |
| what are the three main electrolytes that extracellular fluids contain? | sodium, chloride and bicarbonate |
| what are the three main electrolytes that intracellular fluids contain? | potassium, phosphate and protein |
| whats a dogs and cats average osmolarity? | dogs- 300 mOsm/l cats- 310 mOsm/l |
| what are the signs of a 5-6% dehydration? | subtal loss of skin elasticity |
| what are the signs of 7-10% dehydration? | Definite loss of skin elasticity Eyes possibly sunken in orbits Possibly dry mucous membranes |
| what are the signs of 10-12% dehydration? | Tented skin stands in place Eyes sunken in orbit Dry mucous membranes |
| what are the signs of 12-15% dehydration? | Tented skin stands in place Eyes sunken in orbit Dry mucous membranes signs of hypovolaemic shock progressing to collapse and death |
| What are the three main crystalloids? | -(0.9%) isotonic saline -ringers -heartmans |
| What electrolytes does 0.9% saline contain? | Na and Cl |
| What electrolytes do ringers contain? | Na, potassium, chlorine and Ca |
| what electrolytes does heartmans contain? | Na, K, Cl, Ca and lactate (it is also known as lactated ringers) |
| Why is heartmans not suitable for sever liver diseased animals? | It contains lactate which is metabolised in the liver to bicarbonate |
| When is heart mans not suitable? | -Sever liver disease (needed to convert lactate) -GI diseases with bile leakage into the stomach (the bicarbonate is alkalising) -During renal shock (questionable, due to potassium content???) -with blood products (causes clots) -head trauma cases |
| which animals is saline particularly good for? | Addison's due to the Na:K |
| When is Saline not the best choice? | with frusemide (concentrates the acidity) or in animals which potentially have an acidosis (i.e. most animals) |
| What techniques may be used to give fluids? | -IV -SC -IO -orally |
| Why is 5% dextrose useless? | it has next to no calories and its hypotonic |
| When should fluids NOT be given? | in cardiogenic shock |
| what is the concentration of Na and K needed in maintenance fluids? | Na- 40-60mmol/l k- 15-130mmol/l (this is contained in normal heartmans) |
| what are the signs of hypovolemic shock? | Pale and tachy mm (unless septic then they would be brick red), reduced CRT, tachycardia (cats are often bradycardic), weak pulse, tachypnoea and decreased mentation |
| How is SIRS caused? | Being hypovolemic for a period of time, which releases free radicles |
| what does SIRS stand for and what can it lead to? | SIRS = systemic inflammatory response syndrome can causes Multi organ dysfunction MOD |
| If an animal is haemorrhaging at what point should fluids be given? | either when the haemorrhaging has stopped or the BP reaches 60mm/Hg |
| What are the following rates when using crystalloids: a)maintenance b)shock rate for cats c)shock rate for dogs | a) 50ml/kg/day b)80-90ml/kg/hour c)40-60ml/kg/hour |
| what are the following rates when using colloids: a)maintenance b)cat rate c)dog rate | a)20ml/kg/day b)5-10ml/kg/hour c)5-20ml/kg/hour |
| what are the most common colloids available for use? | pentastarch, tetrastarch, haemacel and 7.2% saline |
| whats the difference between pentastarch and haemacel? | Pentastarch has larger molecules whilst haemacel has small molecules |
| what is the pros and cons of haemacel? | pros-it rapidly expands the vascular volume and lower risk of clots forming than with the other colloids cons- it can cause anaphylaxis and 80% is lost over 24 hours |
| what are the pros of pentastarch? | Pros- lasts along time (60% lost over 24 hours) Cons- takes time to expand, risk of coagulopathy (never exceed 20ml/kg/day) |
| when are colloids recommended? | treatment of hypovolemic shock |
| what are the recommended drugs for hypovolemic shock? | -colloids -broad spectrum bactericidal AB's -GI protectants -Vasopressors -Bicarb (NO STEROIDS!) |
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