558505
| Question | Answer |
| What are the main exotic diseases to be aware of in dogs? | Rabies, leishmaniosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis brucellosis, anclostomyosis and dirofliaria |
| What is the most common form of rabies in europe? | sylvatic form |
| What is the virus in bats which can cause rabies in humans? | llysavirus |
| How does rabies enter the nervous system? | it enters through a bite, uses the ACH receptors on the sensory neurone then travels retrograde up to the brain |
| What are the two presentations of rabies? | Paralytic (dumb) or encephalitic (furious) |
| What procedure should be taken if the animal is suspected of having rabies? | cage the animal,call the police or LA, wait DO NOT PTS OR REFER |
| What is the procedure when being bitten by a suspected rabid animal (including bats? | Clean the wound with 20% soap, irrigate with 45% ethanol using a 20 ml syringe, get an IgG vaccine both locally and systemically |
| What is the leishmanosis in europe? | Leishmanosis infantum |
| which countries commonly have leishmania? | Portugal, itally and south of france |
| How is leishmania passed on? | through sand flies and direct contact |
| where are sand flies most commonly seen? | Beaches and in woods. |
| what are the symptoms of leishmania? | Its a waxing and waning condition, there may be pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, pale mucus membranes, exfoliative dermatitis, periocular alopecia, mucocutaenous ulcerations and nodular lesions, sifting lameness and anemia. Most present with just a couple of skin lesions |
| How is leishmania confirmed? | Direct identification on a bone marrow aspirate or lymph node aspirate. There are ELISA's available although they cannot confirm if the infection is current or not. Bristol have the facilities to conduct a PCR. |
| How is leishmania prevented? | keep the animal in at peak sand fly activity, use of insect repellent- deltamythrin collar and there is a vaccine available which needs 3 doses over 9 weeks- this doesn't prevent infection just the number of parasites to infect |
| What is the treatment for leishmania? | Pentavalent antimonials (megulmine antimonite or sodium stibogluconate) or allopurinol. Megulmine antimonite is given as a daily injection for 4 weeks whilst allopurinol is given BID for 6 months. |
| What are ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis classified as? | Rickettsia infections |
| how are ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis transmitted? | by tick |
| What are the signs of an acute ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis infection? | Pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, petechiations, epitaxis and pale mucus membranes. In anaplasmosis infections there will also be joint swellings which develop into pancytopenias and hyperglobinemias. |
| which breed of dog is predisposed to getting a chronic anaplasmosis or ehrlichiosis infection? | German sheapards |
| what is the treatment option for ehrlichiosis? | doxycycline and low does short term preds |
| what transmits babesiosis? | Ticks |
| what are the two babesia infections in euope? | Gibsoni and canis |
| what are the ticks which carry the babesia infections? | Dermacentor reticularis and rephicephalus sangualis |
| What are the signs associated with babesiosis? | they are variable although some signs of the acute disease include; lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia, hemolytic anemia, shock DIC an death |
| How is babesia diagnosed? | Blood smears using peripheral ear blood. |
| what is the treatment for babesia? | Blood transfusions, imidocarb (note this is painful and hepatotoxic), short term low does preds and treatment of concurrent erhlichiosis (even if it cannot be seen on the smears) |
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