4713611
Description
Flashcards by Maddie McIntyre, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Maddie McIntyre
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Name the four anatomical directions given to the class by Dr Kivell: | 1. Dorsal. 2. Ventral. 3. Anterior. 4. Lateral. |
| Define the term 'Dorsal': | Dorsal: Towards the back |
| Define the term 'Ventral': | Ventral: Towards the front |
| Define the term 'Anterior': | Anterior: Towards the head |
| Define the term 'Lateral': | Lateral: Towards the side |
| Name the three 'planes' given to the class by Dr Kivell: | 1. Horizontal Plane (upper and lower) 2. Coronal plane (anterior and posterior) 3. Sagital (left and right) |
| What are the functions of the Brain? | - Movement - Senses (vision/hearing etc) - Learning and memory - Emotion and personality - Homeostasis and hormal control/regulation - Balance - Reflexes |
| Does the Cortex ever function alone? | No - it always functions in association with lower centres. |
| Name at least five features of the cortex: | - Believed to be the reason Human beings have higher brain function - Cover the surface of the brain - Have folds that increase the surface area of the cortex - Frontal cortex is important to understanding the consequences of your actions - Last part of the body to develop (finishes around 25) |
| What are the three major components of a Neuron? | 1. Soma 2. Axon 3. Dendrite |
| What is a Soma? | The main body of a neuron |
| What is an Axon? | The extension from the cell body that thanks information away from the cell body |
| What is a Dendrite? | Extensions from the soma that take information to the cell body, the axon and the axon terminal. |
| What are the features of the fastest neurons? | - Large - Myelinated |
| What are the fastest neurons in the human body? | - Motor neurons that control muscles, hair receptors, deep pressure and touch and pricking pain. |
| What are the slowest neurons in the human body? | - Neurons that control crude touch and pressure, aching pain, tickle and cold/warmth sensation. |
| What is the synapse? | Region where two neurons communicate (includes a pre and post synaptic terminal and the synaptic cleft) |
| Do all synaptic connections stimulate activity? | No, some cause inhibition. |
| What are the 7 steps of Neurotransmitter action? | 1. NTm synthesised from precursors by enzymes 2. Stored in vesicles 3. NTMs that leak from vesicles are degraded by enzymes 4. AP causes vesicles to fuse with pre-synaptic terminal and releases NTM into synaptic cleft 5. NTM binds to post-synaptic receptor 6. NTM binds to pre-synaptic receptors and inhibits further NTM release 7. Released NTMs are deactivated by either reuptake or degradation. |
| How do SSRI drugs work? | Bind to the presynaptic receptor, preventing inhibition of NTM release (serotonin) or reuptake - meaning Serotonin remains in the cleft for longer. |
| What are the two types of NTM? | 1. Small molecule 2. Neuropeptide |
| What are the features of a 'small molecule' NTM? | - Fast - Recycled - Synthesised in cytosol of Presynaptic neuron - Four classes |
| Give an example of a Small Molecule NTM: | - Acetylcholine (Class I) - Norepinephrine (Class II) - GABA (Class III) - Nitric Oxide (Class IV) |
| What are the features of a Neuropeptide NTM? | - Slow - Potent - Prolonged (days/months/years) - Synthesised as large-protein molecules by ribosomes and then broken into smaller molecules - Transport down axon to terminal (can take a long time) - Not reused (lysis) |
| Name two examples of Neuropeptide NTMs: | - Prolactin - Nerve Growth Factor |
| Do NTMs that cause sodium channels to open excite or inhibit the post-synaptic neuron? | Excite |
| Do NTMs that cause chloride channels to open excite or inhibit the post-synaptic neuron? | Inhibit |
| Is a chloride channel an anion or a cation channel? | Anion |
| Is a sodium channel a anion or a cation channel? | Cation |
| Define the term 'Nernst Potential': | Nernst Potential: the Potential that exactly opposes the movement of an ion across the neuronal membrane |
| Define the term 'Spatial Summation': | The sum-effect of multiple pre-synaptic neurons firing and causing an AP to be generated in one post-synaptic neuron. |
| Define the term 'temporal summation': | The sum-effect of one presynaptic neuron firing enough times over a certain period of time in order to stimulate one postsynaptic terminal. |
| What are the three 'states' of a neuron? | 1. Resting 2. Excited 3. Inhibited |
| What is the resting membrane potential of an average neuron? | - 65mV |
| Does an excited neuron have a more or less negative membrane potential than a resting neuron? | Less negative (usually around -45 mV) |
| Does an inhibited neuron have a more or less negative membrane potential than a resting neuron? | More negative (e.g around -70 mV) |
| What does it mean when a neuron is 'facilitated'? | The summated postsynaptic potential is excitatory in nature (less negative), but has not yet reached the threshold to generate an AP - easier to stimulate into producing an AP than a resting neuron. |
| What effect does inhibition of Ca+ influx have on the presynaptic terminal? | Reduced neuronal excitation |
| What NTM plays an important role in Presynaptic Inhibition? | GABA |
| What can decreased levels of GABA result in? | Epilepsy |
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