19941600
Description
Flashcards by Janice Wright, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Janice Wright
about 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the Nervous System (3 points) | 1) Its the body control and communication centre 2) It is a continuous flow of information between the environment and brain 3) It allows the ordinary functions in an effective way |
| How does the Nervous System Function (3 points) | 1) Sensory : detect the change in the environment through sensory receptors 2) Integrative: CNS receives and decides which effectors need to react 3) Motor: The effectors bring about appropriate responses |
| What are the types of Stimuli | Physical - respond to external stimuli Chemical - respond to internal stimuli (change in the environment) |
| Explain how the stimuli function | They cause responses in the organism because of the changes in the environment |
| Name the internal stimuli | Blood pressure levels PH levels Tension in the muscles |
| Name examples of external stimuli | Light Temperature Sound Atmospheric Pressure Smell |
| Explain how a nervous system works | Communication between effectors and receptors so that the correct reactions to the change in environment happens. |
| What are the two types of nervous systems | 1) Central Nervous System (CNS) 2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| What is the difference between the Nervous System and the Endocrine System | The nervous system are fast responses and impulses through the nerves The endocrine system are slower responses through chemicals called hormones via the blood |
| Explain the CNS (4 points) | 1) It is a concentrated mass of inter connected neurons grouped together to form the brain and spinal cord 2) It processes all information from sensors 3) Keeps organs and reflexes functioning 4) Directs movement, thoughts and feelings |
| How is the CNS protected | Protected by 3 connected layers 1) Meninges 2) 2nd and 3rd layer filled with Cerebro-spinal fluid that cushions from shock and damage |
| What is the Meninges made of | The bony case - the cranium The vertebral column - 33 irregular shaped vertebrae |
| Label the Protective layers of the CNS |
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| What are the 3 functions of the Cerebrum | 1) Motor 2) Sensory 3) Association Cortex |
| Explain the Motor Function of the Cerebrum | It is situated in the frontal lobe All voluntary movement originates here It is conscious movement |
| Explain the Sensory Functions of the Cerebrum | It receives and interprets impulses from the sensory organs Temporal Lobe: Hearing, Smelling and Tasting Occipital Lobe - Sight Parietal Lobe - skin and sensation |
| Explain the Association Cortex | Controls higher mental activities like intelligence, memory, perception, consciousness and language Frontal lobe - emotion Controls It integrates and stores info before it is sent to the motor |
| What is the Cerebrum | Largest part of the brain Divided into two cerebral hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure |
| What are the cerebral hemispheres held together by | Myelinated nerve fibres bundled to form corpus (body) callosum (white) |
| What is the function of the Corpus Callosum | It provides communication between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebral cortex It enables them to function as a co-ordinated whole |
| Name the structural elements of the Cerebrum (3) | 1) Outer cerebrum - forms the cerebral cortex 2) Surface area 3) 4 Cavities |
| Explain the Outer Cerebrum | It forms the cerebral cortex The cerebral cortex is made up of cell bodies called neurons |
| What is the formation of Neurons | 1) Made up of grey and white matter 2) Grey matter is cytoplasm 3) White matter is myelinated nerve fibres - fatty myelim |
| Explain the surface area of the Cerebrum | Folds called gyri Grooves called sulci Folds and grooves enlarges the surface area |
| What are the 4 cavities | ventricles in the centre of the brain filled with cerebro-spinal fluid |
| What does the cerebellum do? | 1) Processes information and uses it to co-ordinate the other actions of the voluntary muscles so that complicated physical actions are performed in a smooth controlled way 2) Partly responsible for controlling muscle tone 3) Uses information from inner ear to maintain pressure and balance |
| What is the function of the Cerebellum | It receives sensory input from the region of the cerebrum, eyes, muscle spindals and organs of balance in the ear |
| What is the cerebellum (5 Points) | 1) Lies behind the cerebrum 2) Has 2 hemispheres 3) Has shallow folds 4) Is an arrangement of grey and white matter 5) It has tree branches surrounding the grey matter and is known as the tree of life |
| What is the Hypothalamus | It lies below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland |
| Explain the function of the hypothalamus (4 Points) | 1) Controls the ANS therefore maintains homeostasis 2) Centre for emotional responses and behaviour (pain, pleasure, fear, rage) 3) Centre for biological rhythms and drives 4) Controls functioning of pituitary gland by releasing hormones |
| What is the Medulla Oblongata (3 points) | Forms the lowest part of the brain It passes through the foramen magnum Base of the cranium |
| What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata (3 points) | 1) Pathway into brain 2) Acts as a reflex centre controlling breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, swallowing, peristalsis 3) Controls less important reflexes : sneezing, coughing, hiccoughing, salivating |
| Explain the Structure of the spinal (4 points) | 1) H shaped Grey matter -white matter surrounds the grey matter 2) Made with axons with myelin sheath 3) the Central canal -the Grey matter runs down the ventricle trains 4) Spinal nerves- enter and exit through the DORSAL and VENTRAL root (neuron cell bodies form in the ganglion in Dorsal) |
| Function of the spinal cord (2 points) | (1) Pathway for impulses From receptors to the brain to effectors (2) Integrative function of the primitive reflex actions i.e. spinal reflexes -protect body |
| What is the Spinal Cord | It is an elongated rod of nervous tissue situated on the vertebral canal |
| What is the structure of the Spinal Cord (6 Points) | 1) Vertebral Column/Backbone 2) Vertebrae- 33 bones 3) Vertebral Canal - hollow tube through 33 vertebrae 4) Discs of Cartilage - between the vertebrae for bending and stabilisation 5) Spinal Cord runs in the vertebral canal 6) Central Canal - runs through spinal cord - filled with spinal fluid |
| What is the function of the PNS (2 Points) | 1) Collects info from receptors and transmits along sensory afferent neurons to sensory function 2) Transmits impulses by way of motor and efferent neurons to effectors to bring about the correct motor function |
| What is the PNS made up of (4 points) | 1) Somatic Nervous System 2) ANS 2.1) ANS - Sympathetic 2.2) ANS - Parasympathetic |
| What is the function of somatic NS | It conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles and controls voluntary movements |
| What is the function of the ANS | 1) Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles controlling involuntary muscles and glands, therefore maintaining homeostasis 2) Made up of Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
| What is the function of the ANS (5 points) | 1) Controls the speed up and slowing of the heart rate 2) Adjusts BP and temperature 3) Moves blood to the most needed area 4) Increases or decreases digestion 5) The effects of the ANS are antagonistic |
| What is the Sympathetic ANS (4 points) | 1) It works with adrenaline in emergencies 2) Fight or flight 3) Stimulation = more O2, glucose and muscles to skeletal muscles 4) Cellular respiration increases |
| What is Parasympathetic ANS (3 points) | 1) It is the rest/digest 2) It is the recover from the sympathetic 3) Involuntary reflex |
| Explain the structure of the PNS ( 4 points) | 1) Consists of all nervous tissue outside of CNS 2) 43 Pairs of Nerves 3) 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves 4) 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves |
| Describe Nervous Tissue (5 points) | 1) It is made up of millions of neurons that form a structural unit that can function for a lifetime 2) Cannot undergo mitsosis 3) Cannot be replaced if destroyed 4) Needs the constant supply of O2 5) High metabolic rate |
| Classify Neurons (3 points) | 1) Unipolar - only carries impulses towards CNS 2) Connector - 99% of all neurons carry impulses from Unipolar and passes them on 3) Multipolar - carries impulses away from CNS |
| What is Neuroglia (3 points) | 1) Is called the glial cells 2) Plays a critical role in making myelin 3) Neurons and supporting cells |
| Describe the structure of the Nervous tissue (3 points) | 1) Made up of cells and fibres of cytoplasm (long thin processes) 2) Dentrites - conduct impulses towards cell body (short tapering process that branch extensively to provide a large surface area) 3) Axion - conducts impulses away from the cell body. Each neuron is a single axion. End of axion forms terminal branches |
| What is a Dendrite and what does it do | 1) It is a short tapering process that branch extensively to provide a large surface area 2) It conducts impulses towards cell body |
| What is an Axion and what does it do | 1) Each neuron is a single axion. End of axion forms terminal branches 2) It conducts impulses away from the cell body. |
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| What are nerves (2 points) | Nerves are a bundle of neurons It is the basic unit of the nervous system |
| Structure of Nerves (5 Points) | 1) Large number of Neuron Fibres 2) Neurons are bound in bundles called Perineurium 3) Inside the bundles are tissues called Endoneurium 4) The entire nerve is surrounded by connective tissue called Epineurium 5) Artery and vein occur between the bundle to nourish and remove waste |
| What is the function of nerves | To carry impulses |
| What are nerve impulses (2 points) | 1) Minute electrical signals 2) A wave of depolarisation which is caused by a stimulus which creates a difference across the membrane of the nerve fibre |
| What is the type of stimuli (4 points) | Mechanical Electrical Chemical Thermal |
| What is transmission | It is when Nerve impulses are carried along nerve fibres |
| What is Resting Potential (3 points) | 1) A neuron is in resting state when it is not stimulated 2) The membrane is positively charged, while the inside is negatively charged 3) Therefore Resting potential is the difference in charge across the cell membrane |
| What are Synapses (2 points) | 1) Neurons do not touch each other as there is a small gap called synaptic cleft 2) It is a junction which impulses pass through from terminal to dendrite |
| Why are Synapses important (4 points) | 1) They make sure all flows are in the same directions 2) Allows dispersal of impulses to many other neurons 3) Neuro transmitter can stimulate multiple synaptic membranes 4) Filters out unnecessary stimuli |
| Label Synapses diagram |
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| What is a Simple Reflex Arc (2 points) | 1) It is the function unit of the nervous system 2) It is the pathway for impulses from receptor to effector for reflex action |
| What is a Reflex Action | It is fast automatic action from affector to receptor |
| What are the types of Reflex actions (2 points) | 1) Somatic - activated by skeletal muscles 2) Autonomic - activated by smooth cardiac muscles and glands |
| What are reflex centres (2 points) | 1) Brain - controls involuntary and important reflexes 2) Spinal cord - controls primitive reflexes |
| What is the significance of the simple reflex arc (2 points) | 1) Enables the body to respond quickly to a stimulus 2) Provides inborn safety mechanisms to protect the body from danger |
| What are the types of simple reflex arcs (4 points) | 1) Sneezing 2) Blinking 3) Coughing 4) Yawning |
| How does the simple reflex arc function (6 points) for example finger in fire | 1) Receptors respond to pain > free nerve endings generate impulses in sensory neurons 2) Impulses are conducted along sensory neurons to spinal cord 3) Contact with connector neurons which act as a reflex centre 4) Synaptic contact with motor neuron which conduct to effector 5) The Effector (flexor muscle in finger) brings about a response 6) Impulses are conducted to the brain for pain to be interpreted |
| What is Alzheimers (4 points) | 1) Incurable degenerative terminal disease 2) Named after German Psychiatrist - Alois Alzheimer in 1906 3) Most common form of dementia 4) It is a mental dysfunction that affects thinking, memory, behaviour and emotion |
| What are the causes of Alzheimer's | No one knows but it is thought to be associated with old age It is not associated with race, sex or culture |
| What are the Symptoms of Alzheimer's (4 points) | 1) Short term memory loss 2) Difficulty in recall 3) As disease advances, confusion, irritability, aggression, mood swings, difficulty with sentences, long term memory loss, general withdrawal from society 4) Life expectancy after diagnosis is 7 years |
| What is the treatment for Alzheimer's | There is no cure, but mental health and exercise helps |
| What are the effects of drugs on the CNS (3 points) | 1) Results in permanent damage to the brain 2) Effects become known through brain scans 3) All drugs affect synapses and functioning of neurotransmitters |
| Explain the stages of drug dependency (4 points) | 1) Experimental 2) Recreational - only used when offered 3) Regular - always has a supply at least 2x per week 4) Dependency - addiction - drugs become more important than anything - is called the journey to no-where |
| Classifications of Drugs (3 points) | 1) Hallucinogens 2) Stimulants (uppers) 3) Depressants (downers) |
| What are hallucinogens (2 points) | 1) Psychedelic drugs that distort reality 2) Cause delusions and hallucinations |
| What is dagga (4 points) | 1) It is a gateway drug 2) Called Weed, Cannabis, marijuana, dope, grass, pot, ganga, zol, hashish, snoop, 5 star, MJ 3) Made from dried leaves and flowers of the Cannabis Satvia 4) Causes a high (up) in effect and a downer afterwards |
| Why is dagga a hallucinogen | It contains 426 known chemicals including THC - tetrahydrocannabinols Stimulates the release of dopamine which is the pleasure hormone |
| What is the effect of dagga on the CNS (4 points) | 1) Lack of concentration 2) A-motivational syndrome > lethargic, forgetful, and antisocial 3) Dagga Psychosis > exaggerated mood swings, excessive agitations, excessive hallucinations, and persecution 4) Suppression of ovulation in women |
| What are depressants (3 points) | 1) They delay brain functions 2) Produced by resin of the opium poppy 3) Heroin is most addictive |
| What is heroin also known as | China white, smack, mud, brown, mexican brown, brown sugar, gear, H, horse junk |
| What does heroin look like | Pure = white odorless Chrystal like powder with a bitter taste Non pure = brown with impurities |
| What is the effect of Heroin on the CNS | Once injected it passes through the blood rapidly into the brain barrier. Mimics endorphins in brain |
| What are the symptoms of addiction to Heroin | 1) Withdrawal 2) Once addicted, tolerance is created and more heroin is needed 3) If non available = craving and restlessness 4) Babies of heroin addicted mothers are born addicted |
| Describe the effects of Heroin | 1) Ups > warmth and welling 2) Downs> 6-8 hours - nausea, vomiting, chills, withdrawal, sweating and bone pain |
| What happens when you take a stimulant | Abrupt mood changes |
| Common Names for Ecstasy | Adam, E, Roll, XTC, Hug Drug, Sky Blue |
| What are the effects of Ecstasy (3 points) | 1) Ups = increase in self confidence and pleasure 2) Downs = Blurred Vision, sweat, clenched teeth 3) Repeated use = depression, paranoia, damaged cells (serotonin), liver/kidney and heart failure |
| What is the effect of Ecstasy on the CNS (3 points) | 1) Releases an excess of neuro-transmitters especially serotonin and is not reabsorbed 2) Plays an important role in mood, aggression, sexual activity, body temp and sleep 3) Results in exhaustion, sleep problems, severe anxiety and drug cravings |
| Common names for TIK | Speed, Ice, Crank, Chrystal Straw, Chalk, frost |
| Medical name for Tik | Methamphetamine |
| How is TIK sold, used and manufactured | Sold in the form of a powder or pearls or capsules It is snorted, smoked and injected It is manufactured in illegal labs using supermarket ingredients |
| Effects of TIK (2 points) | 1) Ups = increased alertness and self confidence 2) Downs = withdrawal, aggression and violence |
| Effects of TIK on the CNS (5 points) | 1) Highly addictive 2) Affects the brain's reward system 3) Releases neuro-transmitters especially dopamine (pleasure, well being and elation) 4) After effects are devastating. 5) Addicts can suffer from Parkinson's, Psychosis and low sperm count in men |
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