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| Question | Answer |
| FITNESS AND BLOOD PRESSURE | FHY |
| Systolic pressure - is the maximum pressure the heart produces | Diastolic pressure- is the blood pressure between heart beats |
| Blood pressure is produced when muscles contract Low blood pressure causes poor circulation, dizziness and fainting. | High blood pressure causes strokes, brain damage, paralysis and loss of speech Causes of high blood pressure - fatty foods, lack of exercise, salt, stress, smoking |
| HEALTHY free of disease FITNESS how well you can perform physical activity | Fitness measures: strength, speed, agility, flexibility, stamina |
| Blood pressure is highest when the heart contracts (Systolic Pressure) | Blood pressure is at its lowest when the heart relaxes (Diastolic Pressure) |
| A healthy persons blood pressure shouldn't be higher than 135 - systolic ----- 85 - diastolic | to decrease blood pressure, you can eat a balanced diet, do regular exercise and sometimes drugs can help. |
| HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE | G |
| Low blood pressure means that the tissues aren't getting enough oxygen and food. | Carbon Monoxide combines with Haemoglobin in red blood cells which reduces the amount of oxygen they can carry. To make up for this, heart rate has to increase. |
| when eating too much cholesterol, it starts to build up in your arteries. This forms plaques in the artery wall, which narrow the arteries. This restricts restricts the blood flow and ultimately leads to heart attack/ |
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| EATING HEALTHY | 1 |
| 6 essential nutrients are: carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, fats, water, minerals | CARBOHYDRATES Provide Energy (ie glucose) |
| FATS Provide energy, Act as a energy store and provide insulation | PROTEINS for growth and repair of tissue |
| VITAMINS/MINERALS Various, vitamin C NEEDED FOR scurvy, Iron needed to make haemoglobin | WATER To prevent dehydration |
| Carbohydrates are made of sugars like glucose. | They are stored in the liver as glycogen or converted to fats |
| Fats are made of fatty acids and glycerol. They can be stored under the skin and around the organs as adipose tissue | Proteins are made up of Amino Acids which DO NOT get stored. |
| The balance of different nutrients a person needs are dependent on things like their age, gender. | Eating too little protein can cause Kwashiorkor. (swollen stomach) |
| DIET PROBLEMS | 1 |
| EAR(g)=0.6 x body mass (kg) | disorders such as anorexia and bulimia result in poor diet which can lead to lots of other problems. (liver+kidney failure,heart attacks etc) |
| Bmi is used to help decide whether someone is underweight,normal,overweight or obese. | BMI= body mass (kg) (height)squared (m) |
| INFECTIOUS DISEASE | 1 |
| Infectious diseases are caused by Pathogens | Pathogens are micro organisms that cause disease |
| Fungi - athletes foot Bacteria - cholera Viruses - Flu Protozoa - (single celled) dysentry | Malaria is caused by a protozoan, Its carried by mosquitoes. |
| The protozoan is a parasite, An organism that loves off another (called a host) | Mosquito's are vectors, meaning they carry diseases without carrying it themselves. |
| Every time a mosquito feeds on another animal, it infects it. | to stop them spreading drain the area of water where they lay their eggs .introduce fish into the water .nets |
| Once pathogens enter the body, they reproduce rapidly unless they're destroyed | Our immune system and white blood cells destroy the pathogens |
| 1.White blood cells ENGULF foreign cells and DIGEST them. 2. Anti-toxins counter the effect of any poisons produced by the invading pathogens | 3. Producing Antibodies every pathogen has different shaped antigens . The white blood cells produce proteins called antibodies which lock into the antigens and kill the invading pathogen. THEY ARE SPECIFIC TO THAT PATHOGEN AND NO OTHERS FIT |
| Antibodies are released all around the body and rapidly kill all similar bacteria or virus | Memory cells stay around in the blood so that is the person is infected with the same pathogen again, these cells remember and can immediately make antibodies to kill it. |
| PREVENTING AND TREATING INFECTIOUS DISEASE | 1 |
| immunisation prevents you getting infections | involves injecting either dead or inactive pathogens into the body. these carry pathogens, so even though they're harmless, they still trigger an immune response - white blood cells produce antibodies |
| Immunisation is classed as active immunity | active: when the immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by a pathogen. Active immunity is Permanent |
| Passive: when you use antibodies made by another organism. only temporary | you can take antibodies to get rid of infections, and they kill bacteria without killing your own body cells. however they don't kill viruses |
| Antivirals are drugs you can take to stop viruses from reproducing | Antibiotics are only prescribed for more serious infections like MRSA |
| CANCER & DRUG DEVELOPMENT | 1 |
| Cancer is cause by cells dividing out of control, This forms a tumor. | 2 types of tumor, benign and malignant |
| Benign: Where tumors grow until there's no more room. The cells stay where they are and its not normally dangerous. | Malignant: Where the tumor grows and can spread to other sites in the body. ARE dangerous and can be fatal. |
| smoking increases your risk of getting lung cancer | eating less processed meat and more fiber can reduce your risk of getting colon cancer |
| DRUG DEVELOPMENT | knihv |
| 1. computer models used first. These stimulate a humans response to a drug | 2. Tested on human tissues. however you cant test drugs on human tissue if its supposed to affect whole/multiple body systems |
| 3. Test on animals. the law in UK states that any new drug must be tested on at least 2 live mammals | 4. Then a placebo is used in a clinical trial. One group is given a new drug and the other is given a placebo to see the real difference the drug makes. |
| Clinical trials are blind, sometimes double blind so neither the patient nor scientist knows which is the real drug | b |
| DRUG USE AND HARM | f |
| some drugs are medicinally helpful eg. antibiotics, some can be harmful if misused | depressants (alcohol,solvents,temazepam) slow down the activity of the brain, which slows down the responses of the nervous system, causing slow reactions and poor judgement of speed and distance. |
| Stimulants (nicotine,ecstasy,caffeine) increase activity of the brain, make you feel more alert and awake. | Painkillers (aspirin,paracetamol) work by reducing the number of painful stimuli at the nerve endings near an injury. |
| Performance enhancers (anabolic steroids) taken by athletes, help build muscle and allow the athletes to train harder. | Hallucinogens (LSD) They distort what being seen and heard by altering the pathways that the brain send messages along. |
| Class A: heroin, LSD, ecstasy, cocaine Class B: cannabis, amphetamines Class C: anabolic steroids, tranquilizers. | 1 |
| SMOKING AND ALCOHOL | 1 |
| alcohol is poisonous. | Its broken down by enzymes in the liver and some of the products are toxic. |
| If you drink too much alcohol over a long period of time, these toxic products can cause the death of liver cells, forming scar tissue that stops blood reaching the liver, this is called cirrhosis. | Smoking causes: Heart disease, carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. |
| Smoking causes: Lung, throat, mouth and cesophageal cancer. Tar from the cigarette smoke collects in the lungs. Its full of toxic chemicals, some of which cause cancer. | Smoking damages the cilia on the epithelial tissues lining the trachea, bronchi, which encourages mucus to be produced. Causes smokers cough. |
| smoking can cause low birth weight babies. | Low oxygen in the blood of pregnant women can deprive the fetus of oxygen leading to a small baby at birth. |
| RECEPTORS - THE EYE | J |
| Cornea: Refracts light into the eye | Iris: Controls how much light enters the pupil |
| Lens: Focuses light onto the retina | Retina: Light sensitive part , Its covered in receptors called rods and cones which detect light. |
| Rods: more sensitive in dim light but cant sense colour | cones: are sensitive to different colours but are not so good in dim light. |
| Optic Nerve: carries impulses from the receptors to the brain. | to look at distant objects: the cilliary muscle relaxes which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight- FLAT LENS |
| to look at near objects: the cilliary muscle contracts which slackens the suspensory ligaments - ROUND LENS Convex-Long sighted Concave- short sighted | |
| NEURONES AND REFLEXES | J |
| The CNS; consists of brain and spinal chord -3 types of neurone sensory, relay, motor . | uses electrical impulses to allow very quick responses |
| reflex actions are automatic | 1) something happens to cause a reaction/reflex (STIMULUS) |
| 2) stimulation of the pain receptor | 3) message travels along the SENSORY NEURONE |
| 4) message is then passed along the RELAY NEURONE | 5) message travels along the MOTOR NEURONE |
| 6) when message reaches muscle, it contracts, causing it to move away. | SENSORY - RELAY - MOTOR |
| The electrical impulse is passed down the axon of the cell. | the connection between two neurones is a synapse. |
| the electrical impulse triggers the release of transmitter chemicals which diffuse across the gap. | These chemicals bind to receptor molecules in the membrane of the next neurone. This sets of a new electrical impulse. |
| stimulants increase the amount of transmitter chemicals at some synapses | Depressants block the synapses by binding with the receptor molecules. |
| HOMEOSTASIS | G |
| maintaining a constant internal environment | conditions in your body need to stay steady so cells can function properly. |
| changes in the environment triggers a response that counteracts the changes. | This means the internal environment stays at the level its cells work best. |
| when you're too hot hot, hairs lie flat, lots of sweat is produced, blood vessels close to the surface widen (VASODILATON) | When you're too cold: hairs stand up, no sweat produced, blood vessels narrow (VASOCONTRICTION) and shivering. |
| CONTROLLING BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS | GG |
| insulin controls blood sugar levels | the level of glucose in the blood must be kept steady, changes in blood glucose are monitored and controlled by the pancreas. |
| if blood glucose is too high, insulin is added. | if blood glucose is too low, its not added. |
| glycogen can be stored in the liver until the blood sugar level is low again | type 1 diabetes: where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. need to inject insulin and monitor diet carefully |
| type 3 diabetes: where a person becomes resistant to insulin. avoid carbohydrate rich foods | n |
| PLANT HORMONES AND GROWTH | IYG |
| Auxins are plant hormones | it controls growth at the tips of shoots and roots. |
| auxin is produced in the tips and diffuses backwards to stimulate the cell elongation process. | Shoots are POSITIVELY PHOTOTROPHIC - meaning they grow towards the light. |
| when exposed to light, it makes more auxin in the SHADY side so the shoot bends towards the light. | shoots are NEGATIVELY GEOTROPHIC - meaning they grow away from gravity |
| auxin gathers on the lower side when a plant grows sideways. | roots are POSITIVELY GEOTROPHIC - meaning they grow towards gravity. |
| roots are NEGATIVELY PHOTOTROPHIC - meaning thry grow away from light. | shoots grow towards light and roots grow towards gravity. |
| COMMERCIAL USE OF PLANT HORMONES | H |
| plant hormones can be extracted | useful for: killing weeds, growing cuttings,ripening fruit. |
| GENES AND CHROMOSOMES | KJL |
| NUCLEUS - contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes. | chromosomes come in pairs, HUMAN BODY has 23 pairs. |
| chromosomes carry genes - different genes control the different characteristics development | A gene is a short length of a chromosome |
| DNA is coiled up to form the arms of a chromosome | different versions of the same gene are called alleles |
| genetic variation | gamete formation - making sperm and egg cells. |
| fertilization - the gametes join together | mutations - changes to the gene code. |
| a new gene may mutate, | this creates new characteristics. |
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