3585863
Description
Flashcards by katrina.willis, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by katrina.willis
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| cell membrane | serves as a barrier allowing very few molecules to enter cell |
| nucleus | "matermind", allows mRNA to pass through, codes mRNA with DNA for protein synthesis |
| mitochondria | energy producers for protein synthesis |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | smooth ER synthesizes fatty acids and membrane, metabolizes carbs, detox drugs and poisons, stores calcuim ions rough ER helps synthesize proteins with ribosomes and are used to construct the membranes of other organelles |
| golgi apparatus | flattened membrane sacs that modify, store, and route products of ER |
| lysosomes | active in intracellular digestion, recycling cellular organic material, and programmed cell destruction |
| perioxisomes | contains enzymes that catalyze hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, not fully understood |
| vacuoles | various membranous sacs that store and excrete substances within cytoplasm |
| telemere | Howard Cooke observed the increasing shortening of these every time cells divide, hypothesizing that they trigger aging |
| senescense | old age |
| luekocytes | white blood cell |
| eosinophil neutrophil basophil phagocytes lymphocytes | types of leukocyte/white blood cell |
| Natural Nonspecific Immune Response | skin, mucus lining, sweat, sneezing, coughing, tears, gastric juice, semen, nasal secretions, and saliva |
| friendly bacteria | bacteria that naturally inhibit various parts of the body and suppress pathogenic growth, like Candida albicans (yeast infection) |
| acute inflammatory response | blood vessels constrict, then dilate to increase blood flow to area, permeability of the blood vessels increase to allow in more fluid and plasma protein, blood becomes thicker, leukocytes form barrier over lining of venules, then move to injury, then destroy foreign particles |
| diapedesis | emigration of leukocytes |
| chemotaxis | movement of organism or cells to a chemical attractant |
| mediators | chemicals that lure leukocytes to injury |
| histamine, bradykinin, complement, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lysosomal enxymes, oxygen metabolites, platelet activating factor, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor | types of mediators |
| interferon | non-specific defense protein to protect body against virus and some forms of cancer |
| Free Radical Theory of Aging | accumulated damage by oxygen radicals causes cells and eventually organs to stop functioning |
| stem cell research | cells used to regenerate healthy versions of damaged cells; can potentially treat many diseases; relatively young in exploration |
| symptoms of inflammation | swelling, temperature increase, tenderness, pain |
| inflammatory exudates | fluid that dilutes poisonous substances; more serious injuries require more concentrated fluid like pus (purulent) |
| resolution | when the injury is mild and the site returns to normal following inflammation; bad injuries will not resolve but can still heal; worse injuries may endure chronic inflammation |
| humoral immunity | during this process, B-cells produce antibodies that attack pathogens outside of the cell |
| cell mediated immunity | during this process, T-cells produce lymphokines which attack pathogens within the cell |
| Helper T-cells | aid anti-body production by B-cells |
| Suppressor T-cells | suppress production of antibodies to keep immune system in control |
| Killer T-cells | actively destroy foreign cells and reject tissue transplant |
| combined immune response | B-cells and T-cells attack foreign invaders by immobilizing them through clumping and destroying enemy membrane |
| acquired active natural immunity | when the body is exposed to an illness and develops antibodies for it |
| active artificial immunity | occurs through vaccination with a form of disease microrganism |
| passive natural immunity | transfer of antibodies from mother to baby through placenta or breast feeding |
| passive artificial immunity | acquired through inoculation with antibodies (think: rabies or tetanus shots) |
| Hypersensitivity | inappropriate response of immune system to harmless substances |
| autoimmunity | system of immune responses against own cells and tissue |
| allergic rhinitis | inherited allergies where histamine is released in response to allergen to cause sneezing, watery eyes, itchy nose, etc., treated by antihistimine |
| Uriticaria and Angioedema | skin condition called "hives" that results in itchy welts, caused by reaction to food, insect sting or drug, treated with antihistamines or lotions |
| Asthma | hereditary (probably) spasms of bronchial tubes, caused extrinsic factors like allergens or intrinsic factors like emotional stress or high temperature, |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | chronic systemic inflammatory disease that attacks joints, muscles, tendons, etc., no effective treatment |
| Lupus Erythematosus | inflammation of connective tissue that can progress from mild to systematic, caused by physical or mental stress, certain infections, and pregnancy, treatment for mild cases is unnecessary but systematic treated by corticosteroids |
| What does a B-cell do when activated? | Starts producing antibodies (molecules) |
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