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| Question | Answer |
| Interaction Types | Instructing Manipulating Conversing Exploring |
| Give four questions you need to answer to optimise user interaction with an interactive product. Why are these questions important? | Who is going to use the product? How is it going to be used Where is it going to be used? What activities will the user be doing when interacting with the product? The answers help you to focus on aspects of the context of the interaction and influence the design. e.g it will be different for a child to an adult, will need to be weather-proof if used outside, different if used for work compared with enjoyment. |
| What is a red flag in interaction design as defined by Norman? Give four examples of red flags and their implications. | A red flag is a term that claims to indicate sensitivity to human needs but may reflect a complete lack of understanding of people. e.g. 'fool-proof' (users are fools), 'user-friendly' (force the user to do things one step at a time in a prescribed way whether they like it or not), 'intuitive' (so automatic it is not conscious. However most things we call intuitive take years of practice) 'easy to use' (rarely the case). |
| What are the four activities involved in interaction design? | 1. Identifying needs and establishing requirements for the user experience 2. Developing alternative designs that meet the requirements 3. Building interactive versions of the design so that they can be communicated and assessed 4. Evaluating what is being built throughout the process and user experience it offers. |
| Why is it important to establish usability goals and user experience goals? | It is essential to understand the needs and requirements for the people who will be using the product, how they will be using the product, the environment they will be using it in, and the activities they will be using it for so that these factors can be taken into account when the interaction is designed. |
| Why is evaluation important? | Evaluation is necessary to establish whether a product is usable or not. |
| What are the six usability goals? | Memorability Utility Safety Effectiveness Efficiency Learnability |
| For each usability goal, what question would you ask to establish if the goal has been satisfied? | Memorability: What kinds of interface support has been provided to help users remember how to carry out tasks, especially for the products and operations they use infrequently? Utility: Does the product provide an appropriate set of functions that will enable the user to carry out all their tasks in the way they want to do them? Safety: What errors are possible when using the product and what measures are there to enable users to recover safely from them. Effectiveness: Is the product capable of allowing people to learn well, carry out their work efficiently, access the information they want, or buy the goods they want? Efficiency: Once users have learned how to use a system to carry out their tasks, can they sustain a high level of productivity? Learnability: Is it possible for the users to work out how to use the system by exploring the interface and trying out certain actions? How hard will it be to learn the whole set of functions in this way? |
| List the features of the interactive design process? | 1. A user-centred approach to development where user concerns direct the development rather than technical concerns 2. Balancing conflicting requirements 3. Generating several alternative designs 4.Communicating the design to others on the project 5. Evaluating alternative designs with the users |
| What would you consider when deciding the level of user involvement in the project? (Give eight issues). | 1. How many users do you want to get involved? 2. Do you want the users to be major contributors, or just give guidance and advice? 3. Is consistency of user input important? 4. How important is familiarity with the system? 5. To what extent should involved users remain in touch on a daily or regular basis with the user group they represent? 6. How many end users are there likely to be? 7. Do you know who are the users likely to be - is the product aimed at the open market? 8. How long is the project likely to be? For a short project, will it take too long to organise, manage and control the involvement? |
| What is formative evaluation? What is it's purpose? | Formative evaluation is a type of usability evaluation that helps to "form" the design for a product or service. Formative evaluations involve evaluating a product or service during design, often iteratively, to detect and eliminate usability problems and ensure that the product meets the users' needs. Observations and recommendations are made by the project team, and are used to immediately improve the design of the product or service and refine the development specifications. Results can be less formal than in summative evaluation, as suits the needs of designers, developers, project managers, and other project participants. Heuristic evaluation, user interface inspections, thinking-aloud testing, pluralistic usability walkthrough, and cognitive walkthrough are some methods that can be used for formative evaluation. This approach is in contrast to a Summative evaluation which can only be started when a design is reasonably complete and involves judging the design against quantitative goals or competitive products. |
| What is a summative evaluation? What is it's purpose? | Summative evaluation is used to assess the success of a finished product such as those of a sponsoring agency or to check a standard is upheld. The main purpose of a summative test is to evaluate a product through defined measures, rather than diagnosis and correction of specific design problems, as in formative evaluation. The procedure is similar to a controlled experiment, testing the product in a controlled environment. However, it is common to note usability problems that occur during testing, and to interview the participant after the task to obtain an understanding of the problems. |
| Define power distance | Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of society, institutions and organisations expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. |
| What is the problem space? | The problem space refers to the range of possible conceptual models for the product and their rationales. |
| What is qualitative data? | Qualitative data is data defining beliefs, opinions etc. It is not represented by numbers and is subjective. |
| What is quantitative data? | Quantive data is represented by numbers. For example the time taken to complete a task, the number of errors made. |
| Define scenario | A scenario is an informal and richly descriptive account of either current or envisioned use of the interactive product or of a particular activity. |
| What is the difference between the medical and social models of disability? | The social model of disability is that the restrictions on disabled people are imposed on them due to individual prejudices, institutional discrimination, inaccessible buildings and transport systems, segregated education, excluding work arrangements etc. The medical model is that disability locates the problem of disability within the individual and sees the causes as stemming from the functional limitations or psychological losses which are assumd to arise from the disability |
| Define stakeholders | Stakeholders are people or organisations who will be affected by the system, and who have a direct or indirect influence on the system requirements. |
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