15839736
Description
Flashcards by Abby Bickle, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Abby Bickle
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Osmoregulation | Ability of an organism to control concentration of solutes/ions in body fluid |
| Excretion | release of waste from the body, particularly metabolic waste (e.g. ammonia, product of protein breakdown) |
| Osmoconformer | Organism with internal ion concentrations that conform to the environment |
| Osmoregulator | Organism that maintains a specific ion concentration, different from the environment |
| Hyperosmotic | side of a membrane with more ions |
| Hypo-osmotic | side of a membrane with fewer ions |
| isosmotic point | point at which ion concentration is the same on both sides of a membrane |
| Sodium-Potassium ATPase | osmoregulation facilitating enzyme that maintains Na, K, and Cl gradient in gills and intestines |
| Carbonic Anhydrase | Osmoregulation facilitating enzyme that hydrates CO2 into H+ and HCO3-, maintaining acid/base balance |
| Osmoregulatory Capacity | Difference between osmotic pressures of hemolymph and external medium at a given salinity |
| O:N ratio | Oxygen Consumed vs. Nitrogen excreted; measure of lipid vs protein metabolism (high = more lipids, low = more protein) |
| Major general changes in osmoregulation/excretion by pollution | change in gill/excretory organ structure, inhibition of ATPase and CAH, alteration of ion pumps/channels; osmoreg depressed by range of pollutants, excretion depressed or elevated depending on many factors |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on Osmoreg/Excretion of Crustaceans | altered ion balance; reduced acid/base regulation; altered gill function/structure altered ion pump/channel function; reduced ATP-ase activity; altered osmolality of hemolymph; altered osmoregulatory capacity; reduced Overall osmoregulatory ability (maintenance of hypo- or hyper-osmoregulation, ability to maintain ions in cells); altered ammonia excretion; reduced metabolic rate |
| Crustacean osmoreg/excretory resistance/hormesis | Mangrove crabs in polluted environments adapt, leading to greater ability for osmoregulation and higher ATP-ase activity |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on osmoreg/excretion of Mollusks | reduced osmoregulatory efficiency altered ion concentration in hemolymph altered ammonia excretion altered oxygen consumption reduced Feeding reduced O:N ratio |
| Resistance/hormesis of Osmoreg/excretion in Mollusks | Observed to increase excretion in an attempt to flush out toxic compounds; Periwinkles highly resistant to sites polluted with oil and copper; Mediterranean mussels increased absorption efficiency and ammonium excretion under lowered pH |
| Deleterious Effects of pollution on osmoreg/excretion in fish | altered gill tissue/structure altered ATPase activity altered ion concentrations/balance altered Osmolality reduced survival when moved to saltwater altered pH balance altered CAH activity altered ammonia excretion reduced hormone function altered O:N ratio Ionoregulatory stress (leading to death) reduced Ionocytes increased urea excretion reduced survival |
| Resistance/hormesis of Osmoreg/excretion in Fish | Tilapia in arsenic showed increases in ATPase activity, plasma osmolality, and cell development Ammonia excretion may counteract effects of acidification |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on Osmoreg/excretion in Other Taxa | Polychaetes: edema/curled posture reduced O2 consumption altered ion balance Echinoderms: altered Ion/pH balance (Acidosis) |
| Major constituents of Endocrine system | Testes, Ovaries, + Adrenal, Thyroid, and Pituitary glands |
| Endocrine disruptors | Chemicals/compounds that alter the function of the endocrine system, by blocking receptors, triggering hormone production, or mimicking hormones (e.g. PCBs and Bisphenol-A mimic estrogens, leading to feminization) |
| Gametogenesis | production of gametes (Oogenesis = eggs, spermatogenesis = sperm) |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on Reproduction in Crustaceans | reduced gonad development/growth altered sex expression altered hormone levels reduced Fertility reduced egg production and yolk content reduced egg survival reduced hatching rates/success reduced offspring mortality/development altered body size reduced sexual maturation reduce mating success |
| Hormesis/Resistance of Reproduction in Crustaceans | Grass shrimp resistant to: Low levels of acidification Hypoxia |
| Deleterious effects of Pollution on Reproduction in Mollusks | reduced fertility; altered sex expression; altered levels of free/esterified sex hormones; reduced gamete development/maturation/expression; oocyte resorption; altered GSI; reduced/delayed sexual maturation; reduced sperm motility; reduced Fertilization; reduced gonad development/function; altered spawning rate/period; reduced offspring development/survival; reduced populations of reproductive individuals |
| Resistance/hormesis of reproduction in Mollusks | Display a Higher resistance to CuCl2 than nano-CuO |
| deleterious effects of pollution on reproduction in fish | reduced gonad development/growth altered hormone concentration altered sex expression reduced oogenesis + lipid content in ooplasm reduced Egg viability reduced fertilization success reduced sperm count and motility altered migratory/reproductive behavior reduced offspring survival/development reduced hatching rate/fecundity reduced spawning success susceptibility to other pollutants |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on reproduction of Other Taxa | Polychaetes: decr # eggs fertilized (toxicity to sperm and eggs) Corals: decr # eggs fertilized (toxicity to sperm and eggs) reduced breeding colony populations reduced ovary count premature ejection of larvae altered larval behavior reduced growth reduced gonad size reduced sperm count/motility Mammals: reduced Gestation reduce reproductive success altered hormone levels |
| Resistance/hormesis of reproduction in other taxa | Echinoderms resistant to Metals and acidification; Corals resistant to steroid pollution, despite alterations in steroid concentration in blood |
| Major general effects of pollution on reproduction | altered gonad devel/function, reduced egg/sperm production, altered sex expression, reduced hatching rates/success, reduced fertility/fertilization, offspring mortality, altered hormones |
| Teratogenic | causing deformities in fetuses/embryos |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on embryonic development in Crustaceans | Inhibited/arrested development Inhibited eye spot formation morphological/devel Abnormalities reduced hatching Larval lethargy reduced survival |
| resistance/hormesis of embryonic development in crustaceans | Burrowing crab experienced no truly deleterious effects from Hg; Grass shrimp hatching rates seem generally unaffected by PBDEs, except for Stage 7 embryos exposed to UV-exposed PBDEs |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on embryonic devel in mollusks | developmental abnormalities delayed larval growth DNA damage inhibited/abnormal cleavage Abnormal blastomere formation Abnormal D-shaped larvae formation Damaged DNA Reduced survival increased toxicity Various abnormalities and malformations Reduced hatching suppressed metamorphosis increased sensitivity to other pollutants reduced shell secretion |
| Resistance/hormesis of embryonic devel in mollusks | squid resistant to Cd |
| deleterious effects of pollution on embryonic devel in fish | delayed/reduced hatching Deformations/reduced function of eye, tail, craniofacial cartilage, Liver, cardiovascular system,sinus venosus and skeleton High mortality accelerated hatching reduced embryonic movement capsule rupture shortened eggs with small yolk sacs Reduced growth Edema Gill damage Reduced metabolism reduced/altered development (eye, cardiovascular tissue, brain, skeleton) Reduced fertilization blue sac disease (accumulation of wastes and reduced dissolved o2 inside egg) |
| resistance/hormesis in embryonic devel in fish | Greenland halibut tolerant to hypoxia down to 20% normoxia saturation |
| deleterious effects of pollution on embryonic devel in other taxa | Sea Urchins: mortalities arrested development inhibited cleavage and pluteus formation malformations fertilization decreased increased rate of polyspermy delayed or blocked first mitotic divisions altered early embryonic development Corals: abortion and early release of larvae Reduced survival Developmental abnormalities Tunicates: Increased abnormalities Decreased hatching Rotifers: Reduced hatching/development (Oil) |
| resistance/hormesis in embryonic devel in other taxa | Sea Urchins: genotypes that did well at lower pH did well in high temps (presence of tolerant genotypes = potential to adapt to warming and acidification |
| Major general effects of pollution on embryonic development | inhibited/abnormal development, deformaties/malformations/abnormalities, reduced hatching, reduced survival, DNA damage |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on larval development of crustaceans | Delayed/altered growth, molting, metamorphosis, development Morphological abnormalities (loss of setae, deformed appendages) altered swimming speed/behavior accelerated molting reduced size increase in duration of developmental stages production of extra metamorphic stage reduced number of larval instars reduced survival increase in ecdysteroids increased mortality after molting reduced metamorphic completion reduced feeding and metabolism elevated cholesterol in adults Reduced settlement |
| resistance/hormesis in Larval development of crustaceans | R. harrisii: increased megalopal weight when exposed to WSF of jet fuel, increased developmental rate when exposed to naphthalene Barnacle Balanus amphitrite not affected by BDE-47 |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on larval development in mollusks | reduced/delayed/altered growth, development,metamorphosis; decreased swimming activity; decreased survival; embryo/morphological abnormalities Toxicity reduced feeding, settling success, survival close to shore |
| resistance/hormesis in larval devel in mollusks | blue mussel survival and shell growth resistant to Cu exposure during veliger larval or post larval stage Abalone - very low sensitivity to endocrine disruptors nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) Gastropod Crepidula onyx chronic exposure to BDE-47 throughout the entire larval stage did not affect settlement, development, or growth despite bioaccumulation |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on larval development in Fish | vertebral flexures reduced activity/swimming/speed reduced survival reduced growth deformities of jaw, head, eyes, and vertebral column inhibited heartbeat inhibited yolk absorption low hatchability nerve damage increased predation, decreased feeding decreased maturation vascular disruption delayed metamorphosis abnormal cell proliferation neural disorders increase in heart-, thymus-, liver-, and kidney somatic indexes High toxicity close to polluted shores |
| Deleterious effects of pollution on larval development in Other Taxa | Corals: impaired larval settlement Deformation Abnormal swimming Tissue degeneration Abnormalities (Spherical bodies forming into planula, no mouth or tentacle formation, increased septa, damaged ectoderm) Decreased metamorphosis Reduced settlement Reduced oxygen consumption; Sea urchin: growth inhibition; Polychaete : Reduced larval settlement and metamorphosis 79 taxa identified from 6 main groups: many groups greatly reduced as pCO2 rose Increased pCO2 can affect the settlement of a wide range of benthic organisms Echinoderms Low levels of acidification = 100% larval mortality, smaller larval size, abnormal development significantly narrower bodies at the 4 + 6 arm stages significantly smaller stomachs and bodies, reduced feeding ability |
| Resistance/hormesis in larval devel of other taxa | Polychaete settlement, development, and growth resistant to BDE-47 despite bioaccumulation |
| Major general effects of pollution on larval development | reduced/delayed/altered metamorphosis, reduced/delayed growth, delayed molting, reduced survival, morphological deformities/abnormalities, abnormal behaviors, |
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