CHAPT 4: THE ROLE OF LEARNING AND ADAPTATION

Question	Answer
Habituation	Decrease in response strength to a repeated stimulus
Decreased sensory response to a repeated stimulus	Sensory adaptation
Increase in the strength of the response to a repeated stimulus	Sensitization
Classical conditioning	procedure in which a formerly neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) comes to elicit a conditioned response by virtue of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a similar response (the unconditioned response)
He noticed that with repeated testing, the dogs began to salivate before the food was presented, such as when they heard the footsteps of the approaching experimenter.	Pavlov
Acquisition	Period when the response is being learned
Neutral stimuli	Does not trigger a response
Unconditioned Stimulus	Stimulus that produces response innately, without it being learned.
Conditioned stimulus	Neurtal stimulus that evokes a conditioned stimulus Learned after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response	Achieved after pairing a conditioned and unconditioned stimuli that produce similar responses.
UCS	Unconditioned Stimulus
CS	Conditioned Stimulus
UCR	Unconditioned response
CR	Conditioned response
Stimulus that innately has a response	Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that gains value through learning	Conditioned stimulus
Reflexive unlearned response to innately important stimulus	Unconditioned response
Conditioned response	Response from a stimulus whose importance results from past learning
Ex: food	UCS
Ex: Sight of Favourite restaurant	CS
Salvation in response to food	UCR
Feeling hungry when you see your favourite restaurant	CR
Extinction	Absence of past reinforcement producing a response; weakened response that eventually stops
Spontaneous recovery	Reappearance of previously extinguished conditioned response after extinction and a time interval
a CR occurs to stimuli other than the original CS, based on the similarity of these stimuli to the CS	Stimulus generalization
occurrence of a CR to one stimulus but not to another stimulus	Discrimination
POSITIVE, NEGATIVE...E.TC	STUDY!!!
in classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after it is paired with another CS (rather than with the original UCS)	hIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING
What does this process represent? Image: bad (image/jpg)	Before, during, and after high-order conditioning !
Image: rfffffgsffg (image/jpg)	A: environmental B: biological C: Psychological D: Levels of analysis of learning
Therapeutic techniques designed to extinguish anxiety responses by exposing clients to anxiety-arousing stimuli or situations while preventing escape or avoidance	Exposure therapies
the pairing of a CS that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response with a noxious UCS in an attempt to condition repulsion toward the CS	Aversion therapy
Thorndike	Instrumental learning Law of Effect
Thorndike's concept that a response followed by satisfying consequences will become more likely to occur, whereas a response followed by unsatisfying consequences will become less likely to occur	Law of effect
Operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behaviour is modified by its consequences, such as by reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
an experimental chamber in which animals learn to perform operant responses, such as bar presses or pecking responses, so that the learning process can be studied	Skinner Box
the strengthening of a response by an outcome that follows it	Reinforcement
Punishment	response is weakened by an outcome that follows it; opposite of reinforcement
Discriminative stimulus	an antecedent stimulus that signals the likelihood of certain consequences if a response is made
a response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a (positive) stimulus	Positive reinforcement
a response is strengthened by the subsequent removal of a (noxious) stimulus	Negative reinforcement
the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced	Operant extinction
occurs when a response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a (noxious) stimulus	Positive punishment
the removal of a (positive) stimulus following an undesired response to weaken it (e.g., TV privileges are taken away from a misbehaving child who wants attention)	Negative punishment
Primary reinforcers	positive reinforcers that satisfy biological needs, such as food and water
a stimulus that acquires reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers	Secondary/ conditioned reinforcers
the ability to forgo immediate rewards for delayed but more satisfying outcomes	Delay of gratification
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcement begins with a behaviour that the organism can already perform, and then is made contingent on behaviours that increasingly approximate the final desired behaviour	Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure used to develop a sequence (chain) of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response	Chaining
an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus that is similar to the original antecedent stimulus	Operant generalization
an operant response occurs when a particular antecedent stimulus is present, but not when another antecedent stimulus is present	Operant discrimination
Continuous reinforcement schedule	a reinforcement schedule in which each correct response is followed by reinforcement
a schedule in which reinforcement follows some correct responses but not others	Partial reinforcement schedule
a reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a constant number of correct responses	Fixed ratio schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is based on an average but variable number of responses	Variable-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule in which the first correct response occurring after a constant time interval is reinforced	Fixed-interval schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement follows the first correct response that occurs after an average (but variable) time interval following the last reinforced response	Variable-interval schedule
a form of learning in which the organism learns to perform a behaviour to escape from an aversive stimulus	Escape conditioning
the conditioning of an organism to perform a response to avoid an undesirable consequence	Avoidance conditioning
theory that avoidance learning first involves the classical conditioning of fear, followed by learning operant responses that avoid an anticipated aversive stimulus and thus are reinforced by anxiety reduction	Two factor theory of avoidance learning
a procedure in which desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokens or points that can later be redeemed for other reinforcers	Token economy
also called <em>behaviour modification</em>) in which operant conditioning is combined with scientific data collection to solve individual and societal problems	Applied behaviour analysis
The caged animals experiment	STUDY
the notion that evolutionary factors have produced an innate readiness to learn certain associations that have had survival implications in the past	Preparedness
a learned repulsion to a food that formerly was neutral or desired, by virtue of pairing the food with an aversive UCS (e.g., nausea, stomach illness)	Conditioned taste aversion
the tendency for innate behaviours to override a conditioning procedure, thus making it difficult to create or maintain a conditioned response	Instinctive drift
in Gestalt psychology, the sudden perception of a useful relationship or a solution to a problem; in psychoanalysis, the conscious awareness of unconscious dynamics that underlie psychological problems	Insight
a mental representation of the spatial layout of an area	Cognitive map
learning through observing the behaviour of a model	Observational learning
the view that hypnotic experiences occur because people are highly motivated to assume the role of being “hypnotized”	Social-cognitive theory
Bandura's former name for <em>social-cognitive theory.</em>	Social learning theory
the conviction that we can perform the behaviours necessary to produce a desired outcome	Self-efficacy

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CHAPT 4: THE ROLE OF LEARNING AND ADAPTATION

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