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Description
Flashcards by Susannah Mackenz, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Susannah Mackenz
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Genotype | Specific genetic makeup of an individual |
| Observable features that reflect genetic endowment | Phenotype |
| Chromosome | Tightly coiled molecule of DNA that is partly covered by protein, |
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What does this represent?
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images (image/jpeg)
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Tightly coiled molecule of DNA, the chromosome |
| DNA portion of the chromosome that carries _____ | Genes |
| Each nucleus contains ______chromosomes; _______pairs. | Each nucleus contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs |
| This represents? | The number of chromosomes a somatic cell's nucleus has. 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs. |
| Alternative forms of a gene that produce different characteristics are called? | Alleles |
| The particular characteristic a _______ trait controls will be displayed. The particular characteristic a _______trait controls will not be expressed, unless both parents have this trait. | Dominant; recessive |
| A number of genes working together to create a specific phenotypic trait (i.e., appearance trait) | Polygenic transmission |
| ________ _________magnifies potential variation that can occur; the union of the sperm and egg can result in 70 trillion potential _______, even among siblings, although 99.9% of genes are identical among ________. | Polygenic transmission; genotypes; humans |
| More understanding about our genome and our genes leads to better ______ discoveries | Medical/pharmaceutical |
| In 1990, the ______ _________occurred. In 2001, the ____ _____ was published. | Geneticists started the human genome project in _____. ; Then the Genetic map was published. |
| The ____ ______ project wanted to map the specific human genome (the sum of a human's ______). They found out what? And what does contemporary research allow us to do? | -Human genome project -Wanted to find the human DNA/ chemical components of it/ completely -Wanted to identify and map all genes of the genome (physical and functional) -Found out humans contain less genes than previously thought. Like a fruit fly. - Allows us to research new medicines and pharmaceuticals. |
| What exactly is the human genome? | The set of genetic information for homo sapiens. DNA sequence within the chromosome pairs Mitochondrial DNA |
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This image represents?
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The human genome |
| The human genome |
Image represents?
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Karyotype (image/png)
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Represents?
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image008 (image/jpg)
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The relationship between gene, chromosome, and DNA |
| The relationship between? | The relationship between DNA, gene, and chromosome and nucleus. |
| What does A represent? | "Junk": portion of DNA strand that is not a gene . |
| Process of recombinant DNA procedures? | 1) Specific enzymes cut DNA 2) Combine this DNA with another organism's 3) Insert the combination into a host (such as bacterium) 4) DNA multiplies |
| Genotype and phenotype are not identical because some genes are? | Dominant and some are recessive! |
| Genes affect development, structure, and function in the human body through controlling production of ______ | Proteins |
| Gene engineering allows? | Duplicate gene material Alter gene material Potentially Repair dysfunctional genes |
| Polygenic | Multiple genes interact to form traits |
| Who is interested in studying this pathway: Hereditary & environment-->Psychology | Behavioural geneticists |
| ______ _______ is a statistic that represents how much of a variation is heritable. | Heritability coefficient |
| Heritability refers to? Heredity refers to? | Heredity: inherited characteristics from parent to offspring Heritability: how much of the variation of a characteristic in a population can be attributed to genetics. |
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERCENT GENETICS VS ENVIRONMENT, AND AMT OF VARIATION? I.E..., WHAT DOES 0.50 HERITABILITY COEFFICIENT MEAN>? | STUDY THIS!!!!!!! |
| Heritability coefficients as they pertain to common human traits could be classed into three groups: action/performance, personality, and emotion . What are common HC for "action/performance"? | Alcohol problem: 0.26 Smoking: 0.52 Activity level: 0.25 School achievement: 0.40 |
| HC pertaining to emotion? | -Anxiety disorder 0.35 -Depression disorder 0.37 - Emotional stability 0.31 -Antisocial behaviour 0.41 |
| HC relating to personality? | Extraversion: 0.36 Conscientiousness: 0.28 Agreeableness: 0.28 Impulsivity: 0.45 |
| HC relating to quantifiable things: IQ, height, weight | Height: 0.80 Weight: 0.60 IQ: 0.50-0.70 |
| The chromosome |
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images (image/jpeg)
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| ________ is the likelihood that two people share a common characteristic. | Concordance |
| When an adopted kid is compared to his/her adoptive AND biological parent(s) to indicate heredity. | Adoption study |
| A behaviour genetics method in which twins are compared; especially useful when they are raised in different places. | Twin studies |
| Twins can be ______ or ______. | Fraternal or identical. |
| Compare identical and fraternal twins on the basis of biology. | Identical twins are formed from the same egg, monozygotic, and share 1.00 HC. The chance of this happening is 1:250 Fraternal twins are formed from different eggs, are dizygotic, and share 0.50 HC in a "sibling" relationship. The chance is 1:125 |
| Heredity, hereditary, heritability | Differentiate between.. |
| What do A and B represent? | A represents 1) the fertilization of an egg 2) The fertilized egg 3) The fertilized egg spilts into two eggs, producing two IDENTICAL twins B represents 1) 2 separate eggs separately fertilized 2) producing fraternal twins |
| Gene therapy and genetic counseling controversy | -Sometimes results about probability of disease are not accurate - Question of ethics |
| "researchers have inserted a gene associated with Alzhiemer's disease into the brain of mice and later tested the impact on neurotransmission, brain structure, and behaviour" | Knock-in procedure |
| Genetic Screening and Therapy can be effective in... | -Tests for susceptibility to disease (Alzheimer's, ), cancers, arthritis - Diagnosis -Likelihood of conceiving a child with problems - Risk associated with heart, cancers, or psychiatric disorders |
| Controversy/ arguments surrounding gene therapy and counseling | ETHICAL/POLITICAL ISSUES -Tests can be wrong; only tell you about susceptibility or risk - Erroneous (wrong) results or misinterpretation of results possible - Possibility of genetic discrimination (abortion, employer, etc.) |
| Good things about gene therapy | Medicine and pharmaceutical opportunities |
| Good things about genetic counselling | --Help families to make health decisions for them and their kids (or future kids) -Lifestyle choices/change |
| Most useful research method in the field of behavioural genetics? | The study of identical twins raised in separate environments. |
| Reaction Range | The range of possibilities in the expression of a gene that the genetic code allows. |
| An individual inherits a potential range of IQ at birth. The genetic component is not set in stone; what is actually expressed depends on the environment | Reaction range |
| Parents of little Johnny are very smart. This means his potential IQ range is high. However, where it falls in this potential IQ range depends on environmental factors, | Reaction range |
| Dyslexia | -Not intellectual deficient, or blamed on education or the senses - Difficulty reading - 6 genetic locations that pose as risk for dyslexia -Lower activation in the left temporal lobe in dyslexic patients than non |
| Environment and adoption programs account for how many IQ points? | 15-20 |
| Three levels of analysis in behavioural genetics? | Environmental, biological, and psychological |
| What is the biological level of analysis? | The nervous system structures and functions; brain scans; study of impaired brains s |
| What is the environmental level of analysis? | --Environment brought up in - Rewards and stimulation - Punishment -Culture |
| What is the psychological level of analysis? | Emotions, thoughts, behaviour, normal and non-regular cognitive ability; plasticity: thoughts and behaviors influence the brain just like the brain influences thoughts and behaviours. |
| Neural Plasticity/ brain plasticity | The ability for the brain to change in response to the environment and experiences |
| Review: | Biologically based mechanisms |
| Receive information from the environment, process it, and then respond to it; based on the idea that humans are biological beings that actively respond to their environment and are self-regulating. | Biologically based mechanisms |
| We begin life with innate _________ that enable us to take in, process, and respond to information, predisposing us to behave, feel, and even think in certain ways | Biologically based mechanisms |
| "In humans, ____ _____ allow us to, among other things, learn, remember, speak a language, perceive certain aspects of our environment at birth, respond with universal emotions, and bond with other humans." | Inborn biological mechanisms |
| "important aspects of _____ ____ such as aggression, altruism, sex roles, protecting kin, and mate selection, are the products of ________. | Social behaviour; evolved mechanisms. (Behaviour doesn't evolve, only structures) |
| Behavior does not evolve; only _____. | Structures. |
| Genetic variations can be caused by | Mutations, random events, and accidents |
| Natural selection acts as a _____ | filter |
| "Fitness" | The ability to survive and carry on genes. |
| By-product of natural selection: | mutations |
| Domain-specific adaptation | Human mind is not a general all purpose problem solver, but, instead, a collection of "modules" that allowed adaptations in different areas. DSA: adaptation specializing. |
| Adaptation specialization; detecting suitable mate or eating a specific food | DSA: Domain-Specific Adaptations |
| An ________ thinks about the relationship between behaviour and adaptation and evolution | Evolutionary psychologist |
| Evolutionary personality theory | Personality traits are a function of natural selection (evolution) |
| Parental investment | TEER: Time, Energy, Effort, Risk, in raising an offspring |
| More parental investment, the more ______ in choosing a mate | Selective |
| One male mates with many females | Polygyny |
| Monogamous | Parents stay together at least until development; one partner for an amount of time |
| Polyandry | One female mates with many males |
| polygynandry | Sexual promiscuity: 2 or more males + 2 or more females |
| Three most important characteristics in a mate | Attractiveness, dependability, and emotional stability |
| Men most look for | Physical attractiveness and good health |
| Women most look for | Status, earning potential, and ambitiousness |
| Men like _____women, whereas women like ____men | Younger; older |
| Men want | "To spread the seed"; to be your only mate |
| Women want: | The men to stay; men with high parental investment (Rate Men who care for children in a picture, and not Men Vacuuming, as more attractive). |
| Cooperation | Mutual benefit |
| Group of individuals achieving more (or potentially) than alone | Cooperation |
| Altruism | One individual helps another, but with some cost. (Groundhogs, etc. ). There are two important theories |
| How many theories are there of altruism? | 2 |
| Theories of altruism (2) | Kin selection theory; reciprocal altruism |
| Kin selection theory | A theory of altruism; increase survival of relatives: most likely to help relatives closest |
| Reciprocal Altruism theory | The other theory of altruism apart from Kin Selection; Long-term cooperation; the belief in mutual help |
| Genetic determinism | The view (sometimes wrong) that genes are definite. The belief genes determine who you are as a species. Genes are destiny. --Treatments discovered through gene research and therapy to modify |
| True or false: evolution follows a natural plan | False: evolution describes adaptations over time and space. |
| Social Darwinism | Idea of genetic superiority; eugenics, selective breeding to produce a "master race"; the idea that upper class people are also genetically better. |
| How are traits passed from one generation to the next? What effect do nature and nurture have on development? Are complex traits inherited in humans? Can personality have a genetic or biological component? Why should we be interested in twins? | STUDY |
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