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Description
Flashcards by Ali-a's Adopted Brother, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ali-a's Adopted Brother
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Nucleus | controls activities inside the cell (contains DNA). |
| Cell Membrane | Cotrols substances in and out of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | This is where the chemical reactions take place. |
| Chloroplasts | absorbs light energy the plant needs for photosynthesis. |
| Cell Wall | Gives the cell its structure and Is made form cellulose fibres meaning it ads an additional layer of strength. |
| Vacuole | vacuoles are surrounded by the membrane and holds fluid called Cell Sap which are held forever. |
| Smallest size we can see with our naked eye? | 0.04mm, but we can't see them in detail without a microscope. |
| Animal and Plant cell sizes? | 0.01-0.1mm |
| 1 millimetre (mm) is what in metres? or in powers? | 1/1000m or 10(-3)m |
| What is the size of an ANT's length? | 3mm |
| hair Diameter? |
100
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| leaf Cell? |
70
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| Red Blood Cell? |
7
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| Bacterium Length? |
1
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| Virus? | 100nm |
| DNA Diameter? | 2.5nm |
| Carbon Atom | 0.34nm |
| Total magnification of Image? | Total magnification = size of Image/ size of real object |
| Total magnification | Total magnification = mag of Eyepiece/ mag of Objective Lens |
| A cell measures 40um and the real size is 50mm, calculate the magnification of the Image? | 50mm=50,000um image=50000/40=1250 mag=1250 |
| light microscope closest magnification? | X 1500 |
| Does mag increase detail in image? | It can on large cells, but mostly it doesn't increase detail. It depends on the resolution to increase the detail. |
| What is Resolution? | This is the abiltiy to distinguish between 2 points or 1 point. |
| What is the resolution of a light microscope? | Th resolution is 0.2um,or 200nm, which means you can't create 1 point closer than this resolution. |
| What is an Transmission electron microscope? | The (TEM) is an electron beam instead of light rays. this means the electrons are scattered as the pass through the specimen and therefore giving power to the electromagnetic coils to focus on the object. |
| TEM : what are they used for? | TEM's are used for looking at thin sections of cells. |
| What is the highest Magnification of a TEM? | X 1,000,000 |
| What is a SEM? | A SEM is a scanning electron microscope, which bounces electrons of the surface of the specimen that has a thin coating of ultra-metal, usually gold. |
| What are SEM' Used for? | SEM is used for revealing the surface shape of the structures of small organisms and Cells. Because of this, the resolution is lower than the TEM. |
| Sub-Cellular organisms from the TEM |
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| Mitohondria | This is where aerobic respiration takes place in the cell. Mitochondria have 2 membranes which one is folded inside. |
| Ribosomes | Ribosomes are tiny structures where protein synthesis takes place On a micro graph, they are dots and can either lie free in the cytoplasm or are attached internally to a network of channels. |
| Chloroplasts | Chloroplasts are the cells in the plant which take in light needed for photosynthesis. |
| REQUIRED PRACTICAL: Looking at Animal and Plant Cells | How to test it? |
| 1 | the object is placed on a rectangular glass slide |
| 2 | the slide is placed on a stage with a light source below |
| 3 | light shines through the object and into the objective lens |
| 4 | the light passes through the eyepiece lens and from there into your eye |
| 5 | focus the image using one or more focusing knobs. |
| BE CAREFuL | It is safest to focus by using the knobs to move the stage downwards, rather than upwards. There is a chance of the objective lens and slide colliding if you focus upwards. |
| REQUIRED PRACTICAL HOw to prep an onion cell before observing it through a microscope. | How to get it ready for testing? |
| 1 | cut open an onion |
| 2 | use forceps to peel a thin layer from the inside |
| 3 | spread out the layer on a microscope slide |
| 4 | add a drop of iodine solution to the layer |
| 5 | carefully place a cover slip over the layer |
| BE CAREFUL | Iodine stains, so be careful not to stain yourself or your clothes. |
| How long ago was the first bacteria living? | 3.5 Billion Years Ago |
| Eukaryotic | contains a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and other sub-cellular organelles. |
| Pokaryotic | Single celled organisms that don't contain any organelles or systems. |
| Prokaryotic and Eukaryota | They are much smaller than Eukaryota, around 1um across. The prokaryota's have a non-enclosed nucleus, it is a single loop of molecule. This is called a plasmid. |
| What system was invented to classify living organisms in the 1970's? | Kingdoms |
| What was kingdoms? |
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| What about Archean? | Before the discovery, Archean were placed in the kingdom with bacteria. But in 1977, Carl Woese saw that certain groups living in extreme conditions o produced methane gas should have their own category. |
| What properties Do Archean have? | They have a similar size and shape of their ribosomes to to those of bacteria, but nucleic acid supports that of Eukaryota. |
| what did Craig Ventner later discover while looking at the human genome sequence? | Craig Ventner discovered that genes of the Archean were 2/3 unlike anything they'd ever seen before in biology. |
| Mitosis: What is It? | Mitosis is the cell division of chromosomes inside the nucleus, containing exact DNA that needs to be copied throughout each of the cells. |
| Why do cells do mitosis? | Cells do mitosis, to replace worn out or damaged cells with new working cells, to help us grow taller and to function properly. |
| some context about Mitosis? | When new cells are created, they must be identical to the parent cell, Cells divide to produce 2 more identical cells. These 2 cells are called daughter Cells. |
| How many chromosomes in each human body? | 23 pairs (46 individual chromosomes) |
| How does mitoss work? | Here is a step by step instruction: |
| MItosis | |
| Meiosis | |
| Meiosis in more detail | instructions |
| 1 | Meiosis separates the pairs of matching (or 'homologous') chromosomes, so that sperm cells and egg cells have only one copy of each. |
| diagram | |
| what different type of cells are there? | Nerve, sperm, muscle, heart, lung, etc. |
| Process of making systems in the body? | step by step |
| Cells, Tissue and Organs | Groups of cells work together to make tissues who work together to make an organ to serve a particular function, which leaves the organs to work together to form a organ system. |
| Cancer | Cancer is caused by mitosis, when the body creates new cells to replace damaged cells,but cells can become cancerous and this causes them to divide uncontrollably. Any extra cells form tumours. Most tumours are solid, but cancers, of the blood, leukaemia for example, is an exception. |
| Cancer: Benign | There are 2 types: benign or malignant. Benign are slow growing, and often leave a solid capsule, so it is easier to stop it, but most of all, can't transfer to the rest of the body. finally,they can press on bod organs and look unsightly. |
| Cancer: Malignant | There are 2 types: benign or malignant. Malignant is rowing faster, can spread between body tissues, and as he main tumour grows, it can create secondary tumours which spread throught the body. |
| How Cancer Spreads | step by step |
| 1. | malignant tumour grows. |
| 2. | malignant cells divide and can invade normal tissue. |
| 3. | Malignant cells can detatch from the tuumour and spread round the body |
| 4. | the tumour secretes hormone-like chemicals |
| 5. | Blood vessels are stimulated to grow around the tumour; with a sufficient supply of food and oxygen. |
| 6. | Malignant cells detach and are transported away by the blood. |
| 7. | The malignant cells squeezes through the capillary walls. |
| 8. | The cells divide to produce a secondary tumour. |
| What triggers cancer? | Chemicals - carcinogens. These damage DNA and creates a mutation. The Cell cycle - They can check for these errors though, but some genes create developing tumours. Ways cancer is developed is: Viruses, chemicals at home, ionising radiation, ultraviolet radiation, lifestyle choices. |
| stem cell | A cell that hasn't been differentiated yet. |
| process of stem cell treatment 1. | the fertilized egg is split by mitosis. |
| 2. | at the embryo, it can tur to any cell. |
| 3. | the cell does mitosis again to give a 3 - 5 day embryo, where it is differentiated during the transition from a 3 - 5 day embryo and the foetus. |
| problems with stem cells (morals) | - Risk of getting the wrong genetic code. - baby is discarded after the stem are taken. - sacrament of life - against religion. |
| anarobic respiration | - produces 1/19 as much oxygen - fermentation is the process for anarobic respiration. |
| aerobic respiration | - process of gaining energy from food - takes place in the mitochondria - mitochondria are the place of all aerobic respiration in animal cells. |
| photosynthesis: how is energy transferred to glucose? | - the chlorophyll brings in light, which is needed to create glucose. - Roots collect minerals and water for the plant. - carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuses in the plant. |
| Photosynthesis equation | carbon dioxide + water ---> Oxygen + glucose 6CO^2 + 6H^2O ---> 60^2 + C^6H^12O^6 |
| factors affecting photosynthesis | - Habitat - sunlight - carbon dioxide - water - light intensity |
| uses of glucose? | Growth, respiration, starchy, fats and oils. |
| Square Law | As light and plant distance increases, the light intensity decreases. |
| diffusion | - any dissolved substance - high concentration to a low concentration - down a concentration gradient - no energy required |
| osmosis | - water movement - dilute solution to concentrated solution - through a partially permeable membrane - no energy required |
| active transport | - an dissolved substances - more dilute to more concentrated solution - against the concentration gradient - requires energy |
| examples of active transport? | - gills pump salt water back into the sea - thyroid gland uses iodine - crocodiles have salt glands in their tongues to release and extra unused salt. |
| enzymes | - biological catalysts used to speed up reactions. - they each have a unique sequence - attaches to a single substrate - if it goes out of shape, it is denatured - changes molecules to smaller or bigger depending on the reaction. |
| cell terms | - flacid - ater moves out the cell - turgid - water taken into the cell - plasmolysed - too much water leaves cell, the cytoplam shrinks - crenated - to much concentrated salt solution - lysis - the cell bursts from too much water |
| how are exchange services designed? | - thin membrane allows a short diffusion path. |
| human Circulatory system | - humans have a double circulatory system taking steps from the heart --> arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins --> heart. |
| double circulatory system? | Lungs --> heart --> body body --> heart --> lungs |
| The heart? | - It is a muscle, It contracts and relaxes. - energy is provided by coronary arteries and could lead to coronary heart disease. - the upper chamber is a atrium, the lower is a ventricle. - the ventricle has thicker walls - more blood to pump. Left thicker than right - left goes to whole body.. |
| coronery heart disease: what is it? | This is the coronary arteries being blocked but fats, reducing the oxygen and glucose given to heat, leading to less energy. This puts the heart in danger of heart failure, cells are starved of precious nutrients, and leaks can happen. |
| Blood percentages | - plasma - transports substances - 55% - white blood cells - prevents infection from pathogens - 5% (with platelets) platelets - blood clotting - 5% (with WBC) - red blood cells - carries oxygen around the body - 45% |
| gas exchange? | - oxygen releasing energy from food. - carbon dioxide out, oxygen in. - this occurs in alveoli, when air passes across cell membrane of alveolus. - blood transports gas to and fro along surface of alveoli, through capillaries |
| HIV | - damages White blood Cells - disallow antibodies to be made. - kills White blood cells - makes inappropriate immune responses - leads to AIDS - die from dimple infections - cannot be releasing antibodies |
| Lymphocytes | - antigens - choose antibody for pathogen - antitoxins - destroy toxins produced by bacteria. - antibodies - causes cell lysis, bonds to pathogens (destroy) - sticks pathogens together - for phagocytes. - if solved - person is immune to that pathogen. |
| Phagocyte | - phagocytes engulf pathogen in their vacuole and killed before being engulfed. - pushes cytoplasm to surround pathogen. |
| Antibiotics | - some treat most infections while others treat a particular one. - prescribed course of antibiotics - if not full course, bacteria will survive (resistant). - kills bacteria completely. |
| Antiviruses | - attempts to kill virus - slows development of virus - difficult to develop without harming own cells. |
| Drug | - chemical that affects how our body works. - medicine is a mix of lots of useful drugs. |
| Painkillers | - blocks nerve endings for sending pain signals to brain. - feel little or no pain till it becomes denatured. - used before death. |
| Medicine | - relieve symptoms and pain - made of lots of useful drugs - some kill bacteria - penicillin - mainly used in hospitals. |
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