13801274
Description
Flashcards by Czean Holgado, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Czean Holgado
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Define the term statistical infrequency, giving an example. | This is when an individual possesses an 'abnormal' characteristic that is less common - such as being depressed or having a low IQ (less than 70) |
| Define the term deviation from social norms, giving examples | This is when behaviour is different from the expected standard within a community/society - e.g homosexuality, having an antisocial personality disorder (aggressive, impulsive, irresponsible) |
| Evaluate statistical frequency as a definition of abnormality. | -helpful in the diagnosis of an intellectual disability disorder -unusual characteristics, such as incredibly high IQ, may be deemed abnormal according to this - but it is a positive attribute |
| Evaluate deviation from social norms as a definition of abnormality | -helpful in the diagnosis of the antisocial personality disorder -not a sole explanation -someone deemed as abnormal, may be perceived to be normal in a different culture -can lead to human rights abuse |
| Define the term function to function adequately (FFA), giving examples | This is when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of daily life - e.g failing to keep eye contact, respect personal space, cope with severe distress, becoming dangerous to self, and others |
| Define the term Deviation from ideal mental health, giving examples. | This is when someone does not meet the criteria for good mental health. This is the criteria: -no symptoms of distress -reach potential (self-actualise) -cope with stress -realistic view of world -good self esteem and lack guilt -independent of other people -enjoy work, and leisure |
| Evaluate FFA as a definition of abnormality | -attempts to include the subjective experience of the patient - helps to assess abnormality in the patient's perspective -it is hard to judge whether it is FFA or deviation from social norms - some may practise extreme sports -this affects personal freedom and can discriminate against minority groups |
| Evaluate deviation from ideal mental health as a definition of abnormality. | - it is a comprehensive definition - covers a range of criteria - allows us to think about our mental health deeply -cultures have different views on our mental health - e.g independence is only important in individualistic cultures -the criteria is unrealistic, high expectations |
| What is a phobia? | -An irrational fear of an object or situation |
| Give examples of behavioural characteristics of phobias (how you act) | Avoidance - avoiding contact Panic - screaming, crying Endurance - remaining in the situation, but has high anxiety |
| Give examples of emotional characteristics of phobias (how you feel) | Anxiety - fear |
| Give examples of cognitive characteristics of phobias (how you think) | -Selective attention to phobic stimulus - e.g keeping an eye of the stimulus to prevent risks of danger -Irrational beliefs in relation to the phobic stimulus Cognitive distortions - perceive phobia different to what it actually is - disgusting, ugly etc |
| What is depression? | -a mental disorder characterised by low mood and energy levels |
| Give behavioural characteristics of depression. | -Low activity levels - don't want to go out, or work -Insomnia, hypersomnia -Aggression towards others and self |
| Give emotional characteristics of depression | -Lowered mood - feeling sad -Anger towards others or self Lowered self esteem - view themselves as worthless |
| Give cognitive characteristics of depression | -Poor concentration - hard to make decisions -Dwelling on the negative - glass half empty Absolutist thinking - thinking everything has to be perfect |
| What is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)? | -a condition characterised by obsessions and compulsive behaviour |
| Give behavioural characteristics of OCD | -Compulsions - repeating behaviours, repeating them due to anxiety of obsession |
| Give emotional characteristics of OCD | -Anxiety and distress - obsessive thoughts and the urge to repeat a behaviour creates anxiety and frightening thoughts -Guilt and disgust - directed at self or obsession -Depression |
| Give examples of cognitive characteristics of OCD | -Obsessive thoughts - reoccuring thoughts -Cognitive strategies to deal with obsession - e.g guilt fixed by praying repetitively |
| What is the two process model for the acquisition of phobias? | Acquisition of the phobia through CC Maintenance of phobia through operant conditioning. |
| Give an example of research supporting the acquisition of phobias through classical conditioning. | Watson and Little Albert - loud noise played when rat shown , conditioned to fear rat |
| Evaluate research evidence supporting the two process model. | Little Albert - phobia explained by CC - high internal validity - Albert also shown other furry objects -Operant conditioning - helpful for therapies - helps to treat avoidance strategies of patients -Avoidance of the phobia may be because of safety reasons, not because of the feeling of anxiety (suggested in two process model) -We may have phobias due to biological preparedness. |
| What is systematic desensitisation? | -Behavioural therapy involving gradual exposure to the phobic stimulus - anxiety hierarchy, patient taught relaxation methods. |
| What is flooding? | -Behavioural therapy - involves immediate exposure to phobic stimulus for a prolonged period of time - prevents avoidance |
| Evaluate systematic desensitisation as a behavioural therapy for phobias. | -Effective - supported by Gilroy - systematic desensitisation produced less fear in patients and was long lasting - helped reduce anxiety -more appropriate than some therapies as some with phobias have learning difficulties so cannot concentrate in cognitive therapies -does not cause extreme trauma - helps relaxation |
| Evaluate flooding as a behavioural therapy for phobias. | -Cost effective - patient can be cured in one session - less sessions needed than SD -less effective for some phobias - social phobias that involve cognitive thoughts -Cause high degree of trauma - patient may not complete treatment - money wasted |
| What is a schema? | -these are the stereotypes developed through experience that act as a mental framework for interpretation of sensory information |
| What is the negative triad? | -Negative view of the world -Negative view of self -Negative view of future |
| What was Ellis's ABC model? | This is the model that leads to development of depression A - Activating event -trauma B - Beliefs - irrational beliefs - 'musturbation' - need to achieve perfection C - Consequences - emotional and behavioural consequences - e.g depression |
| Evaluate Beck's cognitive theory of depression (negative triad) | -Supported by Grazioli and Terry - pregnant women more likely to suffer from depression after giving birth -Supported by Clark and Beck -Forms the basis of cognitive behavioural therapies - practical application to real therapies |
| Evaluate Ellis's ABC model. | -only applies to some types of depression - reactive depression -led to successful therapy - practical application -doesn't explain anger associated with depression |
| What is the genetic explanation of OCD? | -Lewis expt. showed that 37% of patients with OCD also had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD - suggests that it could be genetic |
| What is the neural explanation of OCD? | -lack of serotonin - a neurotransmitter used to regulate mood - causes lower mood -the frontal lobe may be impaired - involved in decision making (left parahippocampal gyrus) |
| Evaluate the genetic explanation of OCD. | -Supported by twin studies -Nestadt - 68% of identical twins had OCD, compared to 31% of non-identical twins -OCD is believed to be 'polygenic' - caused by more than one gene - hard to suggest that which ones -Environmental factors can also lead to OCD - shown by Cromer, patients had traumatic events. |
| Evaluate the neural explanation of OCD | -supported by drug therapy - antidepressants work on serotonin system so it shows that it is involved -it is not clear what neural mechanisms are involved -neural mechanisms may not cause OCD - abnormalities may be caused by OCD |
| What are SSRI's? | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - prevents reabsorption of serotonin - so it builds up |
| What can be combined with SSRI's to treat OCD? | -Cognitive therapies - help reduce anxiety |
| What are the alternatives to SSRI's? | Tricyclics - type of antidepressant - same effect of SSRI's but has more side effects SNRI's - serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor - inhibits serotonin and noradrenaline |
| Evaluate drug therapy as a treatment for OCD. | -SSRI's helpful in reducing symptoms - supported by Soomro - patients given placebos had less improvement -Drugs are cost effective -Drugs can have side effects - indigestion, blurred vision |
| What was Beck's cognitive therapy in treating depression? | Cognitive behaviour therapy - negative thoughts challenged and tested -patients given homework to test reality of their beliefs |
| What was Ellis's method of treating depression? | -Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) -irrational beliefs challenged using evidence -behavioural activation - patients encouraged to take part in enjoyable activities |
| Evaluate the cognitive behavioural therapies used to treat depression. | -Effective - March et al. - 327 adolescents - after 36 weeks 81% of antidepressants, and 81% of CBT group and 86% of CBT + antidepressants had significantly improved. -CBT may not work with the most severe cases - patients find it hard to concentrate on demands during therapy -Success may be due to therapist-patient relationship - this determines the success of the therapy |
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