Animal Behaviour IV

Question	Answer
Reason to cooperate	Indirect benefit to cooperator via benefits to close relations (kin selection) Direct benefits to cooperator (reciprocity)
By-product benefits of cooperation	Coop best option from a selfish POV but happens to help others (e.g. Coop hunting).
Reciprocity	Net benefits in longer terms Mutualistic Favoured by repeated interactions btw. ID
Enforcement	Cost of not cooperating extremely high e.g. prison
Deception	Animals may cooperate unknowingly Manipulators of receivers by signals
Spite	Incurring costs to your own reproduction by harming others
Spite favoured if	r*B-C>0 Occurs if r between actor+recipient is less than the population average (r=-)
Parasitoid wasp	High cost to actor as soldiers are sterile and don't become adults Soldiers harm relatively unrelated individuals
C.O.R of parasitoid catepillars	Same sex r=1 Opposite sex r=0.25
The prisoner's dilemma	Theoretical mode of cooperation Coop Defect Coop 3,3 1,4 Defect 4,1 2,2

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