106245
Description
Flashcards by siobhan.quirk, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by siobhan.quirk
over 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| pi-bond | reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals |
| Electrophilic addition | a type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond |
| Carbocation | an organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge |
| Curly arrow | a symbol used in eaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the formation or breaking of a covalent bond |
| Polymer | long molecular chain built up from monomer units |
| Monomer | small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer |
| Addition Polymerisation | the process in which unsaturated alkene molecules add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain |
| Addition polymer | a very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules |
| Repeat unit | specific arrangement of atom that occurs in the structure over and over agin. Repeat units are included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol n |
| Biodegradable material | a material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms |
| Radical substitution | a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms |
| Mechanism | a sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction |
| Initiation | the first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generted by ultraviolet radiation |
| Propagation | two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction |
| Termination | the step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule |
| Cracking | the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes |
| Catalyst | a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process |
| Fractional Distillation | the separation of the compounds in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column |
| Homolytic fission | the breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom forming two radicals |
| Radical | species with an unpaired electron |
| Heterolytic fission | breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation and an anion |
| Nucleophile | an atom that is attracted to an electron-deficent centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond |
| Electrophile | an atom that is attracted to an electron-rich centre where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond |
| Addition reaction | a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule |
| Subsitution reaction | where an atom is replaced with a different atom |
| Elimination reaction | the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule |
| Structural isomers | molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangments of atoms |
| Stereoisomers | compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangment of atoms in space |
| E/Z isomerism | a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotatio of the C=C bond |
| cis-trans isomerism | type of E/Z isomerism where a non-hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of a C=C bond. the cis has the H atoms on the carbon on the same side. Trans has H on each C on different sides |
| Structural formula | shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule |
| Skeletal formula | simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups |
| Displayed formula | shows the relative positioninf of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them |
| General formula | simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series |
| Nomenclature | system of naming compounds |
| Alkyl Group | an alkan with a hydrogen atom removed e.g. CH3 |
| Hydrocarbon | organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only |
| Saturated hydrocarbon | is a hydrocarbon with single bonds only |
| Unsaturated hydrocarbon | a hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds |
| Aliphatic hydrocarbon | a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a straight or brached chain |
| Alicyclic hydrocarbons | a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure |
| Functioning Group | part of the organic molecule responsible for the chemical reactions |
| Homologous series | series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2 |
| Alkanes | the homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2 |
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