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| Question | Answer |
| Pathway for temperature, pain and itch located in the ______ | Anterolateral pathway |
| T/F: A-delta fibers are not myelinated. | F. All A fibers are myelinated. |
| Which pain fiber is unmyelinated? | C fibers. |
| Which sensation does C fibers transmit? | 1. pain 2 temperature 3. itch |
| What are the names of the free nerve endings related to temperature, itch and pain? | Temperature: thermoreceptors Itch: pruritic receptors Pain: nociceptors |
| What are the sub-categories of nociceptors? | 1. mechanical nociceptor 2. thermal nociceptor 3. polymodal receptor |
| What are the channels that sense temperature change signals? | transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) |
| Which of the following is mostly for cold, which is mostly for warmth? TRPA1, TRPM8, TRPV1, TRPV2 | Cold: TRPA1, TRPM8 Warmth: TRPV1, TRPV2 |
| TRPA1 also responds to ______. TRPM8 also responds to _____. TRPV1 responds to ______. | TRPA1: Wasabi TRPM8: menthol TRPV1: tabasco |
| TRPM8 generates pin sensation due to ____. TRPVs usually respond to pain from ______. TREK -1 is both responsive to ______ and _____. Anything with ASIC is likely pain due to ________. MDEG and TRASIC are also responsive to _______. | TRPM8: pain from cold TRPVs: pain from heat. TREK -1: mechanical and heat ASIC: acid MDEG and TRASIC: mechanical |
| A polymodal nociceptor, TRPV1 is responsive to _____, _____, ____, and ______. | Heat H+ (acid) Ca2+ Na+ |
| First pain, or sharp pain, is signals from _______ fibers. | A-delta |
| Second pain, or dull pain, is signals from _________. | C fibers |
| T/F: pain is either sharp or dull, and cannot be both. | F. Can be both |
| The second order neurons travel in the _______ of the spinal cord and terminates in _______. | Anterolateral column of SC. |
| Our conscious perception of the pain synapses in the ____ to proceed to the ______. This is called the _____ pathway. | Thalamus. Proceed to the cerebral hemispheres. Spinothalamic pathway. |
| Aside from synapsing in the thalamus, the 2nd order neurons may also synapse in the ______ or the _______, called the _________ and ________ respectively. | May also synapse in the midbrain or pons. Called spinomesencephalic path OR spinoreticular path. |
| in the midbrain, the synapsed axons goes to the ______ while in the pons, they travel to the ______. | Midbrain: periaqueductal grey Pons: reticular formation |
| The first order neurons synapse with the second order neurons in the _____ for the anterolateral pathway. It then decussates in the _________ before entering the thalamus. | dorsal horn. Decussation in the SC. |
| Other than the VPL, where else might the anterolateral pathway synapse? | see lecture slides. |
| Why does a common body region span 1-4 spinal segments? | Because 1st order neurons may ascend in the Lissaur's tract before entering the dorsal horn. |
| After entry to the dorsal horn, the 1st order neurons synapse with interneurons (Second order neurons) in _______, __or ___. | Rexed I, II or V. |
| Rexed I is also called the ______ | Marginal zone |
| Rexed II is also called the _____ | Substantia gelatinosa |
| Rexed V is also called the _____. | base or neck or dorsal horn. |
| Some second order neurons in Rexed ___ or __ may decussate in the _____________ and enter the _______ system. | Rexed I or V Decussate in the ventral spinal commissure. Entering anterolateral system (ALS) |
| T/F: Rexed I, II and V all participate in output. | F. Rexed II does not. |
| Substantia gelatinosa also receives ____ pain. | visceral pain. |
| On the cross section, the substantia gelatinosa looks like _____. | Snow-covered mountaintops. |
| Conscious perception of visceral pain travels in the ________. | DCML system. |
| Identify the location of ALS in the cross-sections. | See slides. |
| 3rd order thalamocortical neurons in ALS go to different locations on the cortex. VPL goes to _______, VMp (Ventral posteromedial) goes to ______, while MD (medial dorsal) goes to _______. | VPL: postcentral gyrus VMp: insula MD: cingulate gyrus |
| Locate the reticular formation on the cross-sections. | see slide 14. |
| Where does the spinoreticular tract synapse? | NOT in the medulla. |
| Where does the spinomesencephalic tract synapse? | Periaqueductal grey, raphe nuclei, parabrachial nucleus. |
| PAG sends out projection to raphe nuclei (ipsilaterally / contralaterally/ bilaterally) | Bilaterally. |
| Where does raphe nuclei synapse back to? What does the loop modify? | Substantia gelatinosus. It reduces the synaptic activity between 1st and 2nd order neurons. |
| The PAG is driven by ________ pathway. | The spinomesencephalic pathway. |
| Outline the visceral pain pathway. | Substantia gelatinosus - DCML pathway - graciles nucleus - decussation - thalamus |
| Brown-Sequard Syndrome is a ________. | Spinal cord injury to one side. (pain and temperature on contralateral side, touch and proprioception on ipsilateral side). |
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