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| Question | Answer |
| T/F: Retinal ganglion cells are peripheral sensory neurons. | F. Central. (Arise from CNS) |
| In the 5 vesicle stage, the optic cups are connected to the _______. They become the _______ in the later stage. | Diencephalon. Retina. |
| _______ has the greatest density of visual receptors. | The fovea |
| Photoreceptors are the (innermost/outermost) layer of the eye. | Outermost |
| Types of photoreceptors and their functions. | Cones: color and visual acuity (red green blue) Rods: density/brightness |
| Three layers of the cells in the eye from out to innermost. | 1. photoreceptors 2. bipolar neuron 3. ganglion cell |
| T/F: Photoreceptors are the 1st order neurons of the optic pathway. | F. (ganglion cells) |
| The ______ has very high density of cones while the _____ has very high density of rods. | Cones: fovea Rods: macula lutea |
| The axons leave the retina at ________, which is also the blind spot. | Optic disc |
| The opthalamic blood vessels branch off the ______. | internal carotid artery. |
| The optic nerve is myelinated by ________. | olygodendrocytes. |
| The 1st degree axons in the optic tract synapse with 2nd order neurons in the __________. | LGN of the thalamus. |
| The 2nd order axons project to the _______ via the _______ in corona radiata. | Primary visual cortex (V1 or BA 17) --> for visual perception Visual radiation |
| Other than visual perception, the 1st order axons in the optic tract also synapse with _________, ________, and ______. | 1. suprachiasmatic nucleus (of the hypothalamus) --> to regulate diurnal rhythm 2. pretectal nuclei (of the midbrain) --> to adjust the pupils 3. brachium of superior colliculus (in the rostral midbrain) --> coordinate eye movements |
| The optic tract wraps around the outer surface of the ______. | Cerebral peduncles. |
| Lable the strucures on the inferior view of visual pathway. | See slide 5. |
| Draw the entire optic pathway on the sketch. Pay attention to the 1) retrolenticulae part and 2) Meyer's loop in temporal lobe. | See slide 6. |
| The retrolenticulae part is in the _______ while the Meyer's loop is in ________. | Retrolenticulae: in internal capsule. Meyer's loop: temporal lobe |
| ______ axons in the optic nerve decussates. | 60% |
| The LGN is made of _____ magnocellular layers and ______ parvoellular layers. | 2 magnocellular (layers 1 - 2) 4 parvocellular (layers 3 - 6) |
| The magnocellular layer processes _________ | Visual motion |
| Layer ____ receives motion from contralateral side while layer _____ receives motion from ipsilateral side. | layer 1: contralateral side layer 2: ipsilateral side |
| The parvocellular layers process sub-modality of ________. | High acuity information (cones) |
| Locate the LGN, internal capsule (posterior limb retrolenticular part), optic radiation, and posterior commissure on the cross-section of the brain. | See silde 8. |
| Locare the superior colliculi and pretectal area on the cross- section of brain. | See slide 9 |
| Lable the 4 quadrants of the visual field. | See slide 11. |
| If both eyes see their respective fields, you have ______ vision. | Binocular |
| The R eye can see the R visual fiald for about _______ degrees and the L visual field for about ____ degrees. | R: 90 deg L: 60 deg |
| Lable the 1) L and R hemifield 2) L and R monocular crescent 3) binocular zone (central visual field) | See slied 12 |
| Draw a graph with visual fields and their respective zones on the retina. | See slide 13. |
| Binocular zone projects to _________ hemiretinas. | Both temporal |
| Track hemifield in visual pathway. | See slide 15 |
| The superior retina samples the ______ visual field and vice versa. | Inferior |
| The meyer's loop for ________ visual field and brings it to the ____ bank of calcarine sulcus | SUperior visual field of contralateral side. To inferior bank of calcarine sulcus |
| Damage to R optic nerve results in loss in ________. | Entire visual field of R eye. |
| Damage to optic chiasm results in loss of ____________. | temporal visual fields of both eyes. 'bitemporal hemianopia' |
| Damage to the R optic tract will results in loss of __________. | L visual fields of both eyes 'homonymous hemianopia' |
| Another damage that can also cause homonymous hemianopia is _______. | damage to R temporal lobe. |
| Damage to R Meyer's loop will result in ________. | Superior L visual field 'superior quadrianopia' |
| Damage to the inferior bank of BA17 will result in _________. | Superior L visual field. 'superior quadrianopia' |
| Damage to the superior bank of BA17 will result in ________. | Inferior L visual field 'inferior quadrianopia' |
| Damage to inferior and superior banks of BA17 also causes _________. | Macula sparing. (loss of high acuity) |
| The sensory input and motor output of pupillary light reflex are _______. | Sensory: vision Motor: parasympathetic pathway that controls the pupillary restrictors. |
| Constriciton of the ipsilateral eye is called ______ while constriction of the contralateral eye is called ________. | Ipsi: direct response Contra: consensual response |
| Outline the response of pupillary reflex | Ganglion cell --> CN II (optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract) --> pretectum (in rostral midbrain) --> Eginger-Westphal nucleus (preganglionic parasympathetic nucleus) ipsilarerally AND contralaterally--> occularmotor nerve --> synapse in ciliary ganglion --> postganglionic parasympathetic neuron --> pupillary constrictor |
| Where does the axon from pretectum decussate to reach the Edinger-Westphal nucleus? | Posterior commissure |
| Fill out the table on slide 22. | See slide 22 |
| Locate the Edinger-Westphal nucleus on the midbrain cross-section. | See slide 21 (Edinger-Westphal is medial to the oculomotor nucleus) |
| The axons of Edinger-Westphal and oculomotor exits the midbrain in CN _____. | III (oculomotor nerve) |
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