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| Question | Answer |
| Key functions of limbic system: | 1. olfaction 2. emotions and drives 3. homeostasis 4. memory |
| T/F: All cortex of limbic system are neocortex. | F. Some are allocortex, some are archecortex |
| Septal nuclei is excited by the transmitters. | cholinergic |
| The ventral tegmental area is regulated by the _______ transmitters. | dompaminergic |
| The locus ceruleus is regulated by the _______ transmitters. | noradrenergic |
| The raphe nuclei are regulated by the _________ transmitters. | serotonergic |
| The medial cortical region of limbic system is called the ________. | Association cortex |
| T/F: Most association fibers of limbic system run in one direction. | F. Usually both directions. |
| Name the structure that serves the following function: 1. smell 2. emotion and drives 3. establishing new memories 4. homeostasis | 1. smell: olfactory cortex 2. emotion and drives: amygdala 3. establishing new memories: hippocampal formation 4. homeostasis: hypothalamus |
| The limbic system is a collection of cortical gyri buried within the __________. | anteromedial telencephalon |
| Key gyri in limbic system: | 1. cingulate 2. orbital frontal 3. rectus 4. parahippocampal |
| Hyppocampal formation are located (superficial/deep) to the parahippocampal gyri. | Deep |
| Anterior to the hippocampal formation is the _________. | Amygdala |
| Structure responsible for: 1. conscious detection of smell 2. ordor discrimination | 1. primary olfactory cortex 2. orbitofrontal olfactory area |
| the _________ of the parahippocampal gyrus is an important target for the emotional and memory aspect of smell. | entorhinal cortex |
| The ________ forms explicit memory. | hippocampal formation |
| What are considered as 'explicit memory'? | 1. conscious cognitive 2. verbal-based learning processes |
| Location of hippocampal formation | deep to entorhinal cortex |
| Three parts of the hippocampal formation | 1. dentate gyrus 2. hippocampus 3. subiculum |
| T/F: All hippocampal formation are neocortex | F. Archicortex. |
| Which three layers of cells are in the hippocampal formation? | 1. molecular layer 2. pyramidal or granular layer 3. polymorphic layer |
| The _______ and _______ folds twice. | dentate gyrus hippocampus |
| The hippocampus forms the ___ of lateral ventricle in the _____ horn. | floor (medial wall) inferior horn |
| The parahippocampal gyrus ends up on the _____ surface of the medial temporal cortex, around the _______. | inferior around midbrain |
| Uncus is _______ with mammilary bodies. | parallel |
| Many neocortical areas project to the entorhinal cortex, which projects to the _______ gyrus via _______. | dentate gyrus via the perforant pathway |
| The perforant pathway (or indirect perforant pathway) is important for _________ | long term synaptic plasticity [long-term potentiation (LTP)] |
| 3 layers of dentate gyrus from outer to inner | 1. molecular (outer) 2. granular (middle) 3. polymorphic (inner fiber tracts) |
| The perforant pathway from entorhinal input synapse with the ____ cells in the dentate gyrus | granule cells |
| Granule cell axons ( _______ fibers) from dentate gyrus project to the _____ and synapse on _____ pyramidal cells. | Granule cell axons [dentate fibers] from dentate gyrus project to the [hippocampus] and synapse on [CA3] pyramidal cells. |
| CA3 axons are called the | Schaffer collateral fibers |
| CA3 axons project to _____ neurons. | CA1 |
| T/F: CA3---CA1 pathway is also long-term potentiation pathway. | T. |
| Entorhinal cortex also have direct pathway to _____ and _____ pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. This pathway is called _______. | CA1 and CA3 alvear pathway (direct perforant pathway) |
| The direct perforant pathway leads back to _____ and ______. | The subiculum and entorhinal cortex |
| Feedback loops run from ____ to _____ and then to _______. | subiculum --- entorhinal --- association cortex |
| The hippocampus and subiculum also form output paths to limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus via ________ | The fornix |
| Fornix is a white matter tract formed by the axons from _______ and ______ which are directed into the _____. | Pyramidal CA1 and CA3 directed to the fimbria |
| Fibers crossing between hemispheres are called ________. It is continuous with the (anterior/posterior) fornix. | hippocampal commisure continuous with anterior fornix |
| Non-decussating fornix fibers either 1) bend and descend behind the _____ and end up in the __________. 2) bend and direct anterior to the anterior commissure and terminate in the _________, which is related to our ______ system. | 1) Behind the anterior commisure end up in the mammillary bodies 2) septal nuclei, reward system |
| Fornix fibers to mammillary bodies --> | anterior thalamus --> anterior limb of internal capsule (thalamocortical fibers) --> cingulate gyrus This is the second feedback loop to entorhinal cortex |
| T/F: the fornix pathway is bi-directional. | T. |
| Outline the Papez circuit | parahippocampal entorhinal cortex --> dentate gyrus --> subiculum + hippocampus (pyramidal CA3 to CA1) --> fimbria --> fornix --> mammillary bodies --> anterior thalamus --> internal capsule --> cingulate gyrus --> back to parahippocampal gyrus |
| ___________ has a dominant role in emotional aspect of olfaction. | Amygdala |
| What happens to the patient if amygdala has lesion? | placid, non-aggressive behavior |
| S/S of hyperactive amygdala | rage, fear, panic |
| Connections the amygdala has | 1. limbic cortex 2. septal nuclei 3. hypothalamus 4. brainstem autonomic pathways |
| What are the 3 primary pathways of the amygdala? | 1. stria terminalis 2. ventral amygdalofugal 3. medial forebrain bundle |
| position of stria terminalis | medial along caudate similar path as fornix form amygdala to ventromedial hypothalamus and septal nuclei |
| What does the stria terminalis carry? | olfactory input to motivate/inhibit appetite |
| The ventral amygdalofugal pathway projects to ______, _____ and _____ to support emotion, drive, and cognitive functions, and to ______ to impact homeostasis and arousal. | septal, basal forebrain, and ventral striatum also to hypothalamus |
| The median forebrain bundle carries ________, _____ and ______ fibers to nuclei under ________ control. | septal, hypothalamic and brainstem fibers to autonomic nuclei (vagus, solitary, periaqueductal gray, reticular) |
| unfinished | start from major neurotransmitter systems |
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