5884864
Description
Flashcards by Johanna Brinkmann, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Johanna Brinkmann
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Classes of substances w. abuse Potential (5+examples) | Depressants (alc., benzo) Stimulants (coc., amph., caffeine) Analgesics (opioids/non-opioid anal.) Hallucinogens (LSD, ketamine) Psychotropic Drugs (antidepr., L-Dopa, lithium) |
| What does the effectiveness of a drug as a reinforcing stimulus depend on? | On the contingency to the response. Most addictive drugs have immediate effects. |
| What is drug tolerance? What does it lead to? | The decreased sensitivity to a drug after continued use. Higher doses are needed for same effect. |
| What is withdrawal? | Symptoms opposite to drug effect; appear when drug is no longer taken. Caused by compensatory mechanisms. |
| Name the catecholamines; what substance are the synthesized from? | Dopamnine, Noradrenaline, Adrenaline; Synthesized from tyrosine (an amino acid) |
| Which substance belongs to the indolamines; what substance is it synthesized from? | Serotonin; Synthesized from tryptophan. |
| What functions is dopamine (among others) involved in? | Movements, attention, learning....and reinforcement of drugs |
| Name the three mentioned systems influenced by dopamine + small description. | Nigrostriatal System, controls movement; Mesolimbic System incl. nucleus acc. which is important for reinforcing effects -> incl. drug abuse; Mesocortical System incl. frontal cortex, problem solving / planning. |
| Which Dopamine receptors exist, are they located pre/postsynaptically and do they increase or prevent cyclic AMP production? | D1: postsynaptically; increases AMP D2-D4: pre- and postsynaptically; prevent AMP production |
| Dopamine Antagonists mentioned (2) and their effect. | AMPT: Inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase; catecholamine antagonist. Reserpine: prevents replenishment of syn. vesicles w. monoamines -> no release; monoamine antagonist. |
| Dopamine Agonists mentioned (3) and their effect. | L-deprenyl: deactivate a monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) -> prevents degradation of dopamine -> more released Amphetamine: causes release of dopamine by reversing their transporters Cocaine/Ritalin: Inhibit dopamine reuptake |
| What Function does MAO fulfill normally? | It transforms Dopamine into an inactive substance. |
| Which two methods where used in rats self-stimulation mapping studies, to map the reward circuit? Which area had a high influence on self-stimulation | 2-DG (2-deoxyglucose) studies and lesion studies; The Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB) |
| What areas does the MFB connect? | lateral hypothalamus - midbrain tegmentum and limbic system Norepinephrine and serotonine cells - hypothalamus and cerebral cortex dopamine cells substantia nigra - striatum |
| What are the connections and functions of the nucleus accumbens? | defines sensory stimuli as compelling by assessing behavioral consequences Values significance of these stimuli Connects interoceptive sensory structures to motor output (limbic-motor interface) |
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