Module 3: Summary Quiz

Kingdom Protista is divided into two main groups: [blank_start]protozoa[blank_end] (mostly individual, single-celled creatures with a form of locomotion) and [blank_start]algae[blank_end] (mostly colonies of eukaryotic cells that have no form of locomotion).

Protozoa are split into four major phyla based on their locomotion: Mastigophora contains those that use [blank_start]flagella[blank_end], Sarcodina contains those that use [blank_start]pseudopods[blank_end], Ciliophora contains those that use [blank_start]cilia[blank_end], and Sporozoa contains those that have [blank_start]no means of locomotion[blank_end].

Algae are split into five major phyla based on habitat, organization, and cell wall. Chlorophyta contains those that live in [blank_start]fresh water[blank_end], are composed of [blank_start]single cells[blank_end], and have cell walls made of [blank_start]cellulose[blank_end]. Chrysophyta contains those that live in [blank_start]fresh water and marine waters[blank_end], are composed of single cells, and have cell walls made of [blank_start]silicon dioxide[blank_end]. Pyrrophyta contains those that live in [blank_start]marine waters[blank_end], are composed of single cells, and have cell walls made of [blank_start]cellulose or something atypical[blank_end]. Phaeophyta contains those that live in [blank_start]cold marine waters[blank_end], are composed of [blank_start]multiple cells[blank_end], and have cell walls made of [blank_start]cellulose and alginic acid[blank_end]. Rhodophyta contains those that live in [blank_start]warm marine waters[blank_end], are composed of multiple cells, and have cell walls made of cellulose.

The main portion of a cell’s DNA is stored in its [blank_start]nucleus[blank_end]. Membrane-bounded “sacs” in a cell are called [blank_start]vacuoles[blank_end]. Two main types of vacuoles are [blank_start]food vacuoles[blank_end], which store food, and [blank_start]contractile vacuoles[blank_end], which regulate the amount of water in the cell.

The cytoplasm in a cell can be split into [blank_start]ectoplasm[blank_end], which is thin and watery, and [blank_start]endoplasm[blank_end], which is more dense.

Amoeba proteus is a typical member of phylum [blank_start]Sarcondina[blank_end], and it can form [blank_start]cysts[blank_end] to survive extreme conditions.

Genus Euglena contains organisms from phylum [blank_start]Mastigophora[blank_end]. When it comes to food, these creatures are both [blank_start]heterotrophic[blank_end] and [blank_start]autotrophic[blank_end]. They have firm but flexible shape-sustaining [blank_start]pellicles[blank_end] and a light-sensitive region known as an [blank_start]eyespot[blank_end].

Photosynthesis requires a pigment called [blank_start]chlorophyll[blank_end], which cells store in [blank_start]chloroplasts[blank_end].

Round, green colonies found in phylum [blank_start]Mastigophora[blank_end] are found in genus [blank_start]Volvox[blank_end].

When organisms form a relationship in which at least one of them benefits, it is called [blank_start]symbiosis[blank_end]. If all organisms involved benefit, it is specifically known as [blank_start]mutualism[blank_end]. If one benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed, it is specifically known as [blank_start]commensalism[blank_end]. If one benefits and the other is harmed, it is specifically known as [blank_start]parasitism[blank_end].

Genus Paramecium contains organisms from phylum [blank_start]Ciliophora[blank_end]. Organisms in this genus have two [blank_start]nuclei[blank_end]. The [blank_start]macronucleus[blank_end] is the larger of the two, and it controls [blank_start]metabolism[blank_end], while the [blank_start]micronucleus[blank_end] is the smaller of the two, and it controls [blank_start]reproduction[blank_end].

Paramecia can exchange DNA through [blank_start]conjugation[blank_end], but unlike this process in bacteria, the DNA exchange is [blank_start]mutual[blank_end].

Genus Plasmodium contains organisms from phylum [blank_start]Sporozoa[blank_end] that cause [blank_start]malaria[blank_end]. The organisms are transferred between people by the action of [blank_start]mosquitoes[blank_end].

Members of phylum [blank_start]Sporozoa[blank_end] form [blank_start]spores[blank_end] as a part of their normal life cycle.

Tiny organisms that float in the water are called [blank_start]plankton[blank_end]. Small animals and protozoa are called [blank_start]zooplankton[blank_end], while photosynthetic organisms (typically algae) are called [blank_start]phytoplankton[blank_end].

When conditions are ideal, algae will reproduce so rapidly that they essentially “take over” their habitat. This is referred to as an [blank_start]algal bloom[blank_end].

Members of phylum [blank_start]Chlorophyta[blank_end] have the pigment [blank_start]chlorophyll[blank_end] and are often called [blank_start]green algae[blank_end].

[blank_start]Cellulose[blank_end] is a compound made of certain types of sugars that is common in many cell walls.

The members of phylum Chrysophyta are often called [blank_start]diatoms[blank_end] and are responsible for a large amount of the photosynthesis that occurs in creation. When the cell wall remains of many of these organisms clump together, they form a crumbly, abrasive substance called [blank_start]diatomaceous earth.[blank_end]

A [blank_start]sessile colony[blank_end] is a colony that does not move and anchors itself to an object with a [blank_start]holdfast[blank_end].

Members of phylum [blank_start]Pyrrophyta[blank_end] are often referred to as [blank_start]dinoflagellates[blank_end]. They have two [blank_start]flagella[blank_end]. One species in this phylum, [blank_start]Gymnodinium brevis[blank_end], have blooms that are called [blank_start]red tides[blank_end].

Members of phylum Phaeophyta are often referred to as [blank_start]brown algae[blank_end]. Their cell walls contain [blank_start]alginic acid (algin)[blank_end] that is used as a thickening agent.

Members of genus [blank_start]Macrocytis[blank_end] in phylum [blank_start]Phaeophyta[blank_end] are often called [blank_start]kelp[blank_end] or [blank_start]seaweed[blank_end]. They form [blank_start]holdfasts[blank_end] that allow them to anchor themselves to rocks which sit at the bottom of the ocean. Some can grow as long as 100 meters.

Members of phylum Rhodophyta are often called [blank_start]red algae[blank_end].