Edexcel, AS Biology, Risk Factors of CVD Quiz

The typical reasons for overestimating risks are if the risk is:

A correlation is when a change in one variable is causes a change in the other.

What are the scientists called who study patterns in the occurrence of disease, look for correlations between a disease and specific risk factors?

What type of study is one in which a group of people are followed over time to see who develops the disease.

What type of study is one in which a group of people who have the disease are compared with a group who don't have the disease by histories of exposure to risk factors?

The features of a good study are:

The risk factors for Cardiovascular Disease are:

The risk of CVD [blank_start]increases[blank_end] with age. This may be due to the effects of ageing on the [blank_start]arteries[blank_end]; they tend to become [blank_start]less[blank_end] elastic and may be more easily damaged.

Blood pressure is a measure of the hydrostatic force of the blood against the walls of a blood vessel.

Systole is low pressure and diastole is high pressure.

What device is used to measure blood pressure?

What does mmHg stand for?

Normal blood pressure is 100-140 for systole and 60-90 for diastole.

Contact between blood and the walls of blood vessels causes [blank_start]friction[blank_end] and this impedes flow of blood. This is called [blank_start]peripheral resistance[blank_end]. The arterioles and capillaries offer a greater total surface area than the [blank_start]arteries[blank_end], resisting flow more, slowing the blood down and causing blood pressure to [blank_start]fall[blank_end]. Fluctuations in pressure in the arteries are caused by contraction and relaxation in the heart. During [blank_start]diastole[blank_end], elastic recoil of the blood vessels maintains the pressure and keeps the blood flowing. If the smooth muscles in the walls of an artery [blank_start]contract[blank_end], the vessels constrict making the lumen narrower and increasing resistance. This leads to blood pressure raising. If the smooth muscles [blank_start]relax[blank_end], the lumen is dilated, so peripheral resistance is reduced and blood pressure falls.

The factors that cause arteries or arterioles to constrict (therefore leading to high blood pressure) are:

When fluid builds up and causes swelling, this is called:

[blank_start]Oedema[blank_end]: At the [blank_start]arterial[blank_end] end of a capillary, blood is under pressure. This forces [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] and small molecules out through tiny gaps between the cells of the capillary wall into the intercellular space, forming tissue fluid ([blank_start]interstitial fluid[blank_end]). Blood cells and larger plasma [blank_start]proteins[blank_end] can't pass through gaps in the capillary wall. The tissue fluid drains into a network of [blank_start]lymph[blank_end] capillaries which returns the fluid to the blood via a [blank_start]lymph[blank_end] vessel which empties into the [blank_start]vena cava[blank_end]. If blood pressure raises above normal, more fluid may be forced out of the capillaries. In such circumstances, fluid accumulates within the tissues, causing swelling.

1 calorie is equal to how many joules?

Cholesterol is soluble in water.

In order to be transported in the bloodstream, cholesterol is combined with ......... to form soluble lipoproteins.

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDLs): [blank_start]Triglycerides[blank_end] from fats in our diet combine with cholesterol and [blank_start]protein[blank_end] to form LDLs. LDLs transport the cholesterol to [blank_start]body cells[blank_end]. LDLs circulate in the bloodstream and bind to [blank_start]receptor sites[blank_end] on cell [blank_start]membranes[blank_end] before being taken up by cells (where cholesterol is involved in the synthesis and maintenance of cell [blank_start]membranes[blank_end]).

Excess LDLs overload the membrane receptors, resulting in high blood cholesterol levels.

The excess LDL cholesterol may be deposited onto artery walls forming:

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs): They have a high percentage of [blank_start]protein[blank_end] and less [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end] compared to LDLs. This gives them a higher [blank_start]density[blank_end]. They're made when triglycerides from fats combine with cholesterol and and protein. HDLs transport cholesterol from the body tissues to the [blank_start]liver[blank_end] where it is broken down. This [blank_start]lowers[blank_end] blood cholesterol levels and helps remove the fatty plaques of atherosclerosis.

Saturated fats in the diet decreases LDL and HDL cholesterol, with a greater decrease in LDL cholesterol.

Replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat leads to:

Saturated fats may also [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] the activity of [blank_start]LDL receptors[blank_end] so that LDLs aren't removed from the blood. This would increase [blank_start]blood cholesterol[blank_end] levels and the risk of [blank_start]CVD[blank_end].

The amount of energy your body uses when completely at rest is called your ...

The energy used as a result of eating is also known as...

BMR is highest in [blank_start]young infants[blank_end] in order to maintain their body temperature. BMR declines with age with the decline occurring more rapidly after adolescence because adolescents are still actively [blank_start]growing[blank_end]. Males have more muscle than females therefore they burn more calories even when at rest. Larger people have more metabolising tissue therefore they have a higher BMR. A colder environment results in more heat creation so there's a [blank_start]higher[blank_end] BMR. Exercise raises BMR and creates more muscle which further raises BMR. Dieting results in a drop in BMR.

A normal BMI is between 18.5 and 24.9.

BMI = body mass(g)/height(m²)

The waist is measures unclothed at the [blank_start]narrowest[blank_end] point between the top of the hip bone and the [blank_start]rib margin[blank_end]. The hip measurement is taken at the widest point around the buttocks wearing [blank_start]light clothing[blank_end]. A women's waist-to hip-ratio should be no [blank_start]higher[blank_end] than 0.85. A man's waist-to-hip ratio should be no higher than 0.90. It is calculated by [blank_start]dividing[blank_end] waist circumference by hip circumference. This takes abdominal fat into account which BMI does not do.

The condition characterised by a mutated LDLR which causes it to not form correctly and therefore be less efficient, causing high LDL levels and early onset CHD is called what?

[blank_start]Apoliopoprotein[blank_end] are the protein component of lipoproteins. They are mostly formed in the [blank_start]liver and intestines[blank_end]. They have important roles in stabilising the structure of the lipoproteins and recognising [blank_start]receptors[blank_end] involved in lipoprotein uptake on the plasma membrane of most cells in the body.

APOA is characterised by:

APOB is characterised by:

APOE is characterised by:

A disorder caused by genes and lifestyle choices is called...

A [blank_start]high[blank_end] salt diet causes kidneys to retain water. Higher fluid levels in the blood leads to [blank_start]high[blank_end] blood pressure with associated CVD risks. Salt also causes arteries to lose [blank_start]elasticity[blank_end] which makes damage more likely.

Smoking is another major risk factor in CVD. The haemoglobin in [blank_start]red[blank_end] blood cells carries [blank_start]carbon monoxide[blank_end] from the smoke instead of oxygen. This reduces the supply of oxygen to cells. This will result in [blank_start]increased[blank_end] heart rate as the body reacts to provide enough oxygen for the cells. Nicotine in smoke stimulates the production of the hormone [blank_start]adrenaline[blank_end], causing an increase in heart rate and causing arteries and arterioles to [blank_start]constrict[blank_end], raising blood pressure. The chemicals in smoke can damage the lining of the arteries, causing [blank_start]atherosclerosis[blank_end]. Smoking has also been linked with a reduction in HDL cholesterol.

[blank_start]Inactivity[blank_end] is another risk factor for CVD. Moderate exercise helps prevent [blank_start]high blood pressure[blank_end] and can help to lower it. Exercise also seems to raise [blank_start]HDL[blank_end] cholesterol without affecting LDL cholesterol levels. It also reduces the chance of developing [blank_start]type II diabetes[blank_end] and helps in controlling the condition. A person who is physically active is much more likely to survive a heart attack or stroke compared with someone who has been inactive.

[blank_start]Stress[blank_end] is another risk factor contributing to CVD. In stressful situations, release of [blank_start]adrenaline[blank_end] causes arteries and arterioles to constrict leading to high blood pressure. Stress can also lead to a [blank_start]poor diet[blank_end] from overeating and higher alcohol consumption.

[blank_start]Alcohol[blank_end] is another risk factor contributing to CVD. Heavy drinking raises blood pressure, contributes to [blank_start]obesity[blank_end] and can cause [blank_start]irregular[blank_end] heartbeat. Excess consumption can result in direct tissue damage, such as to the liver, heart and brain which increases the risk of CVD. A damaged liver impairs its ability to remove glucose and [blank_start]lipids[blank_end] from the blood. The liver converts alcohol into [blank_start]ethanal[blank_end], a 3 carbon carbohydrate. Most of the ethanal is used in respiration but some may end up in [blank_start]very-low-density-lipoproteins[blank_end] which leads to an increased risk of plaque deposition.

The consequences of obesity are: