Immunology: Defense from Infectious Diseases

Immunology is:

Research suggests that microbes in this area of the body activate the immune system to help the immune system proliferate.

Even when a person is not sick, they still have viruses and bacteria inside them.

An increase in the strength of the immune system is always a good thing.

In the ideal balance of immune system and pathogens,

The immune system is a three-tiered system. The first is [blank_start]intrinsic/physiological barriers[blank_end]. The second is the [blank_start]innate immunity response[blank_end]. Lastly, the body relies on [blank_start]acquired immunity[blank_end].

Consider the following differences between immunity responses. Speed (how long does it take to respond?) Innate: [blank_start]Immediate/hours.[blank_end] Adaptive: [blank_start]A few days.[blank_end] Immunological Memory (does it remember viruses it has already faced?) Innate: [blank_start]Does not possess.[blank_end] Adaptive: [blank_start]Can remember viruses.[blank_end] Specificity (What viruses will it deal with?) Innate: [blank_start]One cell recognizes many pathogens.[blank_end] Adaptive: [blank_start]One cell recognizes one pathogen.[blank_end]

Match the description to the proper disease or condition. [blank_start]Impetigo[blank_end] - A disease caused by too much proliferation of bacteria already inside us. [blank_start]E Coli 0157[blank_end] - A virulent strain of a virus commonly found in the human body. [blank_start]HIV[blank_end] - Causes a reduction in the immune system. [blank_start]Autoimmune disease[blank_end] - When the immune system loses sensitivity between host cells and foreign cells, and so attacks the body. [blank_start]Sepsis[blank_end] - When the immune system triggers violently against a disease, causing inflammation throughout the body. [blank_start]Cytokine storm[blank_end] - A immune system reaction to disease that, in the lungs, can lead to a potentially lethal excess of liquids. [blank_start]Rotavirus[blank_end] - a virus most common in youths that uses the low pH of the stomach to its advantage.

Streptococcus, a disease in the throat, can be confirmed with the using the following antibody function:

Vaccinations help the immune system by enhancing this portion of immunity:

There are multiple functions of antibodies that allow them to deal with foreign cells. [blank_start]Neutralization[blank_end] is the process wherein Ab 'neutralizes' toxins by binding to them so they cannot activate. [blank_start]Agglutination[blank_end] creates a complex of cells. [blank_start]Precipitation[blank_end] involves creating complexes of free molecules. [blank_start]Complement activation[blank_end] occurs when antibodies bind to antigens and create a hole in them. [blank_start]Opsonization[blank_end] involves antibodies binding to the pathogen, inciting macrophages to surround and destroy them.

Antigens are produced by plasma in response to a pathogen and can respond specifically to that pathogen.

An antibody is comprised of the following parts: (check all that apply)

In neutralization, A-B toxins have an active, virulent part and a binding part. To prevent these toxins from doing damage, the antibodies:

Approximately how many cells do we have specific to each antigen when not infected?

In response to our body not having enough cells to fend off all diseases at all times, we use a process called Clonal Selection. In Clonal Selection,

When dealing with streptococcus in the throat, the immune system will create many antibodies. These antibodies can cause a problem after the infection in an autoimmune disease called Rheumatic fever, which targets:

Comparatively to the first exposure of a pathogen, the secondary immune response is:

In the lymph node, naïve B cells produce two different types of cells when they encounter an antigen. The [blank_start]plasma cells[blank_end] produced excrete antibodies to deal with the infection. The [blank_start]memory cells[blank_end] produced last for a long time, and prepare the body should it be re-infected with the same pathogen.

The body has two cellular events in response to antigens. In the primary reponse, the cells produced are [blank_start]IgM[blank_end] cells. In the secondary response, the cells produced are [blank_start]IgG[blank_end] cells.

Order the steps in the antibody production process. [blank_start]5.[blank_end] In response to the antigen protein, the naïve B cell begins reproducing, creating IgM plasma cells and memory cells. [blank_start]8.[blank_end] IgG memory cells remain in the body, preparing the body for a second infection. [blank_start]2.[blank_end] Proteins on the surface of the pathogen enter the lymphatic system. [blank_start]3.[blank_end] Proteins from the surface of the antigen enter the lymph nodes. [blank_start]6.[blank_end] Plasma cells excrete antibodies to deal with the antigen. [blank_start]4.[blank_end] The proteins encounter a naïve B cell that reacts to them. [blank_start]7.[blank_end] As antibodies deal with the infection, some cells mutate into IgG cells. [blank_start]1.[blank_end] The body is infected with a disease, and pathogens enter the system.

A large concentration of B cells are housed:

In passive immunization, the body's antibody concentration:

Taking the bus, what type of immunity are you most likely to get?

Serum is a term for:

Vaccines work by:

In passive immunization, B Cells produce memory cells to protect the body from future infection.

Variolation is an inoculation for small pox that originated from China in approximately ~2000 BC. This was done by:

In 1796, Edward Jenner was looking at smallpox as a disease. To do so, he observed this group of people, who were frequently immune to smallpox.

The vaccine for Rota Virus was taken out of the market after a brief period of time because the vaccine was assumed to occasionally cause:

Match the viruses to the years their vaccines were created. 1796: [blank_start]Smallpox[blank_end] 1855: [blank_start]Rabies[blank_end] 1920: [blank_start]Diptheria, Tetanus[blank_end] 1930: [blank_start]Pertussis[blank_end] 1950: [blank_start]Polio[blank_end] 1960: [blank_start]Mumps, measles, rubella virus[blank_end] 1990: [blank_start]Hepatitis B[blank_end] 2000: [blank_start]Rota virus, HPV[blank_end]

Herd immunity is:

People refusing to vaccinate their children is a major problem in the development of herd immunity.

In terms of attenuated organisms, 'live' means:

Attenuation of a virus is a process in which:

A common host when attenuating viruses for humans is:

Varicella zoster is another name for this infection:

A danger with live attenuated vaccines is called back mutation. These are:

Kill vaccines work by:

In more recent years, small fragment vaccines have been created through cloning using yeast/bacterial cells to make proteins. In the past, proteins were gathered by:

Which are types of artificial vaccination strategies? (Check all that apply)

Match the type of vaccination to its process: [blank_start]Live attenuated vaccines[blank_end] - 'weakened down' forms of disease that are less dangerous for humans, and replicate. [blank_start]Kill vaccines[blank_end] - Vaccines that inactivate the viruses by destroying the insides of them, leaving the shell. [blank_start]Small Fragments[blank_end] - Purified subunit vaccines created from fractionation of the original disease. [blank_start]Bacterial Exotoxins[blank_end] - Destroys the active side of A-B toxins, creating toxoids - inactive toxins with binding ports.

Placental transfer can give us IgG cells, and breastfeeding can give us IgA cells. These types of immunization are examples of:

For greatest levels of immunity 5 years into the future, you would want active instead of passive acquired immunity.

Botulism is dangerous for the body in moderate quantities, and is extremely dangerous for infants. This said, it still has uses. In small doses, botulism is used in botox. This is because:

If on a camping trip someone was to be bitten by a bat with rabies, these are the steps that should be taken to care for the injury: (check all that apply)

When a baby is at risk getting Hepatitis B from their mother, the CDC recommends applying H-BIG (passively delivered antibody) and three doses of the Hep B vaccine at 0 months, 1-2 months and 6 months. When given this treatment, this many kids are Hepatitis B-free for life: