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ZOOL 461 Midterm Review

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2 Biological Sciences Quiz on ZOOL 461 Midterm Review, created by Grace Georgopoulos on 15/10/2016.
Grace Georgopoulos
Quiz by Grace Georgopoulos, updated more than 1 year ago
Grace Georgopoulos
Created by Grace Georgopoulos almost 8 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Glia cells have to categories: Microglia and Macroglia One type pf microglia are [blank_start]Macrophages[blank_end] that are responsible for cleaning up dead tisse The three types of [blank_start]Macroglia[blank_end] are Asctocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Schwann Cells
Answer
  • Macrophages
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Schwann Cells
  • Macroglia
  • Macrophages
  • Microglia
  • Masterglia

Question 2

Question
What type of Glial cell provides physical support, chemical support, and creates the blood brain barrier?
Answer
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Schwann Cells

Question 3

Question
What type of glial cell creates a myelin sheath, assists in conduction, and is confined to the CNS?
Answer
  • Astrocytes
  • Schwann Cells
  • Oligodendrocytes

Question 4

Question
What type of glial cell are single cells that wrap around axons, create the myelin sheath, assist in conduction, and are confined to the PNS?
Answer
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Schwann Cells

Question 5

Question
Typically there is more...
Answer
  • Na+ inside the cell than outside
  • Na+ outside the cell than inside
  • More K+ outside the cell

Question 6

Question
What equation describes the relation between concentration differences of a permeating ion (free flow) across a membrane and the membrane potential at equilibrium?
Answer
  • The Goldman Equation
  • V=IR
  • The Nernst Equation
  • v=m/s

Question 7

Question
In the Nernst equation the shortcut numbers from valence 1 (Na+, K+) and 18 degrees to 37 degrees and from valence 2 (Ca2+) and 18 to 37 degrees are...
Answer
  • 58,29,30.5,61
  • 58,61,29,30.5
  • 57,61,28,30.5
  • 29,30.5,58,61

Question 8

Question
When using the Nernst equation for ions with a negative valence (Cl-) you must switch the concentration protion of the equation to Cin/Cout rather than Cout/Cin
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 9

Question
With ion free flow.. K+ should produce a [blank_start]-[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell Na+ should produce a [blank_start]+[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell Cl- should produce a [blank_start]-[blank_end]'ve environment inside the cell
Answer
  • -
  • +
  • -

Question 10

Question
What equation takes into account permeability and assumes infinite permeability with regard to ion movement?
Answer
  • The Nernst Equation
  • The Goldman Equation
  • The Ion Equation
  • None of the above

Question 11

Question
The resting voltage potential of... K+ is [blank_start]-75[blank_end]mV Na+ is [blank_start]+54[blank_end]mV Cl- is [blank_start]-56[blank_end]mV
Answer
  • -75
  • +54
  • -56

Question 12

Question
When a membrane moved from -65mV -> a more negative value it is known as
Answer
  • Depolarization
  • Hyperpolarization
  • Neutral polarization
  • Additive polarization

Question 13

Question
The time constant (t) represents how quickly membrane potential changes with charge and...
Answer
  • Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 53% of its max V
  • Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 67% of its max V
  • Represents the duration of time a membrane takes to reach 63% of its max V

Question 14

Question
The statement below correstond to: - anything physical preventing movement of charge down an axon - the ability of charge to leak from the axon
Answer
  • Ri and Rm
  • Rm and Ri
  • Rf and Ri
  • Rt and Rm

Question 15

Question
The length constant lambda measures how far along an axon you have to travel before there is a significant change in membrane potential (27% of initial V)
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 16

Question
What are the passive electrical properties?
Answer
  • time delayed change in membrane potential
  • temporal summation and subtraction
  • distance degradation

Question 17

Question
An excitatory response usually refers to the movement of [blank_start]Na+[blank_end] ions, and an inhibitory response is often refering to the movement of [blank_start]Cl-[blank_end] ions.
Answer
  • Na+
  • Cl-

Question 18

Question
What are the characteristics of an Axon Hillock?
Answer
  • Its the origin of the action potential
  • It is known as the integration center
  • It is dense in voltage gates Na+ Channels
  • It is dense in GAP Junctions
  • It is the origin of the axon form the cell body

Question 19

Question
Ion Channels have...
Answer
  • 4 domains
  • 6 domains
  • 4 membrane spanning segments
  • 6 membrane spanning segments
  • an "l-loop" to create a pore for ions to travel through
  • a "p-loop" to create a pore for ions to travel through

Question 20

Question
[blank_start]A Ligand Gated Channel[blank_end]: depends on ligand presence [blank_start]Phosphorylation Gated Channel[blank_end]: if an intracellular component is phosphorylated the channel will open [blank_start]Stretch or Pressure Gated Channel[blank_end]: Cytoskeletal proteins adhere channel to membrane, any disruption of membrane causes cytoskeleton proteins to tighten-> channel opens
Answer
  • A Ligand Gated Channel
  • Phosphorylation Gated Channel
  • Stretch or Pressure Gated Channel

Question 21

Question
K+ Voltage gated channels...
Answer
  • Have 4 repeats of a smaller protein subunit
  • 4 individual subunits
  • Have 3 repeats of a smaller protein subunit
  • 3 individual subunits

Question 22

Question
What is the most important mode of ion channel selectivity?
Answer
  • Chemoreception
  • Hydration Shells
  • Physical size
  • Shape

Question 23

Question
What are the characteristics of an Action Potential?
Answer
  • All or none response
  • The signal degrades
  • The signal does not degrade
  • Moves unidirectionally
  • Moves multidirectionally
  • Depends on membrane potential change
  • Depends on ligands

Question 24

Question
The action potential: [blank_start]Resting Phase[blank_end]: key components of AP are K+ channels and voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels [blank_start]Depolarization[blank_end]: Charge already in axon moves from a different site, build up of positive charge [blank_start]Rising phase[blank_end]: activation threshold passed, Na+ channels open, rapid depolarization [blank_start]Overshoot[blank_end]: AP approaches Nernst potential for Na+ [blank_start]Falling Phase[blank_end]: Na+ channels become inactive, some K+ channels open [blank_start]Undershoot[blank_end]: occurs because K+ channels cant close quickly, permeability to K+ greater than at rest [blank_start]Repolarization[blank_end]: more K+ channels close, Na+/K+ pump returns the membrane to resting potential
Answer
  • Resting Phase
  • Depolarization
  • Rising phase
  • Overshoot
  • Falling Phase
  • Undershoot
  • Repolarization

Question 25

Question
The unidirectionality of the Action Potential is due to the fact that Na+ channels inactivate
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 26

Question
What are the periods of time after an AP where it is impossible and difficult to generate another AP?
Answer
  • Relative and Absolute Refractory Period
  • Negative and Positive Refractory Period
  • Up and Down Refractory Period
  • Absolute and Relative Refractory Period

Question 27

Question
What makes it hard to trigger a second AP in close proximity to an initial AP?
Answer
  • Increased K+ permeability
  • The temperature of the membrane
  • The inactivation of Na+ channels
  • The unidirectionality
  • The decreased membrane resistance

Question 28

Question
What factors influence the conduction velocity of an axon?
Answer
  • Length
  • Diameter
  • Temperature
  • Shape
  • Myelination
  • None of the above

Question 29

Question
Increased diameter increases internal resistance
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 30

Question
Decreased Ri leads to an increased lamda (length constant)
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 31

Question
Myelination effects Ri
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 32

Question
A 2 degree temperature change increases conduction my 2x
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 33

Question
increased diameter= decreased Ri= increased S.A= increased Rm
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 34

Question
What characterizes Gap Junctions?
Answer
  • Chemical synapses
  • Electrical synapses
  • Non-chemical communication
  • Slow response
  • Two hemi channels
  • Blocking connection between two cells
  • Ions and proteins can pass through
  • Rapid communication
  • Synchrony between cells
  • Bidirectional movement

Question 35

Question
You usually find Gap Junctions in cardiomycetes, in the retina, various aquatic animals (escape response, electrical), in glial cells, and in neurons
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 36

Question
What is the entire purpose of an Action Potential?
Answer
  • To activate Cl- channels
  • To maintain homeostasis
  • To activate Ca2+ channels
  • To maintain the CNS

Question 37

Question
What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter?
Answer
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • Glucose
  • Dopamine

Question 38

Question
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Answer
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • Inhibin
  • Serotonin

Question 39

Question
An Axon Collateral is when an axon splits into a bunch of different arms (with the same AP) and activates a larger area of muscle tissue
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 40

Question
The Nicotinic ACh Receptor has
Answer
  • 4 domains
  • 5 domains
  • 4 membrane spanning segments
  • 5 membrane spanning segments
  • Needs 1 site bound with ACh for activation
  • Once open allows Na+ and K+ to pass through
  • Once open has a net hyper-polarizing effect

Question 41

Question
[blank_start]7[blank_end]. Degradation of the neurotransmitter by acetylcholinesterase [blank_start]2[blank_end]. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels activate [blank_start]4[blank_end]. ACh binding to ACh receptors [blank_start]3[blank_end]. Exocytosis [blank_start]8[blank_end]. Reuptake of broken down neurotransmitter [blank_start]6[blank_end]. Na+ channel activation [blank_start]5[blank_end]. Depolarization of the post synaptic cell [blank_start]1[blank_end]. Depolarization, charge arrives at the terminal
Answer
  • 7
  • 2
  • 4
  • 3
  • 8
  • 6
  • 5
  • 1

Question 42

Question
What are the correct steps within neurotransmitter release? [blank_start]4[blank_end]. Priming [blank_start]1[blank_end]. Reserve Pool [blank_start]6[blank_end]. Endocytosis [blank_start]2[blank_end]. Targeting [blank_start]5[blank_end]. Exocytosis [blank_start]3[blank_end]. Docking
Answer
  • 4
  • 1
  • 6
  • 2
  • 5
  • 3

Question 43

Question
What are two types of v-snares?
Answer
  • Synaptolagmin
  • Snap25
  • Syntaxin
  • Synaptobrevin

Question 44

Question
What are two t-snares with regard to vesicle binding?
Answer
  • Synaptolagmin
  • Syntaxin
  • Snap25
  • Syntaptobrevin

Question 45

Question
In vesicle binding... [blank_start]Targeting[blank_end]= vesicle moves close to membrane [blank_start]Docking[blank_end]= snare complex [blank_start]Priming[blank_end]= Ca2+ interacts with synaptolagmin [blank_start]Fusion[blank_end]= opens up vesicle
Answer
  • Targeting
  • Docking
  • Priming
  • Fusion

Question 46

Question
[blank_start]Neuroendocrine[blank_end]= released by nerve cells into circulation-> target cell [blank_start]Paracrine[blank_end]= released and diffuses to the target tissue through the extracellular fluid [blank_start]Autocrine[blank_end]= target cell is the same cell releasing the hormone (must bind a receptor on membrane to activate pathway) [blank_start]Neurocrine[blank_end]= neuron secretes in the immediate vicinity of target cell [blank_start]Pheromone[blank_end]= released into the environment-> biological response
Answer
  • Neuroendocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Autocrine
  • Neurocrine
  • Pheromone

Question 47

Question
What type of hormone is the most common in the body, and has an a.a backbone?
Answer
  • Steroids
  • Peptides&Proteins
  • Amino Acids and amino acid derivatives
  • Eicosanoids

Question 48

Question
What hormone has a cholesterol backbone and includes androgens, estrogen, progesterone, and corticosteroids?
Answer
  • Steroids
  • Peptides&Proteins
  • Amino acids and amino acid derivatives
  • Eicosanoids

Question 49

Question
What hormone is produced by membranes?
Answer
  • Steroids
  • Peptides and Proteins
  • Amino acids and amino acid derivatives
  • Eicosanoids

Question 50

Question
With signal transduction from receptors what is the term for a hormone stimulating biological activity, blocking biological activity and for binding without stimulating biological activity?
Answer
  • Competitive antagonists, antagonists and agonists
  • Antagonists, agonists, and competitive antagonists
  • agonists, antagonists, and competitive antagonists
  • agonists, competitive antagonists, and antagonists

Question 51

Question
K+1/K-1= Ka This equation represents what of a hormone/receptor interaction?
Answer
  • Affinity- how tightly the hormone was bound
  • Equilibrium Dissociation Constant
  • Equilibrium Association Constant
  • How such hormone is required for high affinity
  • units= M-1sec-1
  • units= sec-1

Question 52

Question
1/Ka=Kd This equation represents what of a hormone/receptor interaction?
Answer
  • Equilibrium Dissociation Constant
  • Equilibrium Association Constant
  • Affinity- how tightly a hormone will bind
  • How much of a hormone is required for high affinity
  • units= sec-1
  • units= M-1sec-1

Question 53

Question
A hormone that is more specific to the receptor requires a [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] concentration to reach Kd
Answer
  • smaller
  • larger
  • specific

Question 54

Question
ED50 is....?
Answer
  • effective dose of a hormone giving half of the maximal response
  • a measure of potency
  • is a function of receptor affinity
  • is a set value for all receptors
  • a measure for receptor saturation

Question 55

Question
upregulation refers to the increased production of receptors and downregulation refers to the decreased production of receptors
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 56

Question
Receptor capacity change effects [blank_start]max response[blank_end] Receptor affinity effects [blank_start]ED50[blank_end]
Answer
  • max response
  • ED50

Question 57

Question
What characteristics relate to intracellular receptors?
Answer
  • They are in the cytoplasm or nucleus
  • They are in the membrane
  • Steroids and iodothyronines
  • receptor transitions into a transcription factor after its bound
  • Ultimately leads to the synthesis of new proteins
  • Ultimately leads to the synthesis of lipids
  • Associated with accesory proteins

Question 58

Question
What are the two types of membrane receptors?
Answer
  • receptor=effector
  • receptor=intracellular
  • receptor and effector decoupled
  • Tyrosine Kinase
  • G- coupled proteins
  • transition to be transcription factors

Question 59

Question
Which statement about Receptor Tyrosine Kinases is TRUE?
Answer
  • The alpha subunit is the extracellular and transmembrane segment
  • The beta subunit contains hormone binding side
  • Dimerization occurs after hormone binding
  • Leads to the dephosphorylation of proteins

Question 60

Question
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding ion channel receptors?
Answer
  • The channel is a receptor but not an effector
  • The channel doesn't require hormone binding for activation
  • A conformational change occurs once the ligand binds
  • The channel is known as an intracellular receptor

Question 61

Question
Which of the following are types of G-proteins?
Answer
  • Gi
  • Gp
  • Ga
  • Gs
  • Gq/11

Question 62

Question
Within a G-protein coupled receptor and the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, the subunit [blank_start]alpha[blank_end] acts as the effector enzyme
Answer
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma

Question 63

Question
G-protein receptors Gs an Gi function to stimulate and inhibit...
Answer
  • Protein Lipase C
  • Tyrosine Kinases
  • Adenylate Cyclase
  • Estrogen and progesterone

Question 64

Question
Within the G-protein coupling pathway regarding adenylyl cyclase, what are the steps to biological response? [blank_start]3[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of Adenylyl Cyclase [blank_start]1[blank_end]. Substrate binds receptor [blank_start]4[blank_end]. Activation of cAMP [blank_start]6[blank_end]. Biological response [blank_start]2[blank_end]. Dissociation of G-protein subunits [blank_start]5[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues on target proteins
Answer
  • 3
  • 1
  • 4
  • 6
  • 2
  • 5

Question 65

Question
What enzyme reverses the action of cAMP?
Answer
  • Glucanase
  • Cholesterase
  • Phosphodiesterase
  • Lipase

Question 66

Question
What characterizes Phosphodiesterase?
Answer
  • inactivates cAMP by hydrolyzing the ring to 3' AMP
  • inactivates cAMP by hydrolyzing the ring to 5' AMP
  • inhibited by a family of methylxanthines (ex. caffeine)
  • inhibited by neurotransmitters
  • Has only 2 different forms

Question 67

Question
What characterizes Gq/11 G-proteins?
Answer
  • Most known as Cl- mobilizing hormones
  • Most known as Ca2+ mobilizing hormones
  • Activates Phospholipase-C (PLC)
  • Activates Phosphodiesterases
  • Activates phosphatidyl inositol turnover
  • PLC converts phosphatidyl inositol to IP3 and DAG (inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol)

Question 68

Question
The pathway sequence with regard to Gq G-proteins goes... [blank_start]1[blank_end]. Binding of ligand to receptor [blank_start]6[blank_end]. Increase in intracellular Ca2+ [blank_start]3[blank_end]. Dissociation of Galphaq subunit [blank_start]7[blank_end]. Activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) [blank_start]4[blank_end]. Activation of phosphatidyl inositol and phospholipase C [blank_start]9[blank_end]. Biological response [blank_start]5[blank_end]. PLC converts PI into two messangers (IP3 and DAG) [blank_start]2[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of Galphaq subunit [blank_start]8[blank_end]. Phosphorylation of a.a residues on target proteins
Answer
  • 1
  • 6
  • 3
  • 7
  • 4
  • 9
  • 5
  • 2
  • 8

Question 69

Question
The anterior pituitary is derived from dorsal outgrowth of [blank_start]buccal cavity[blank_end] ([blank_start]roof of mouth[blank_end]) The posterior pituitary [blank_start]embryologically[blank_end] derived from the [blank_start]brain[blank_end]
Answer
  • buccal cavity
  • the brain
  • roof of mouth
  • the hypothalamus
  • embryologically
  • zygotically
  • physiologically
  • brain
  • roof of the mouth

Question 70

Question
Pituitary function is regulated by the production of neurohormones in the hypothalamus
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 71

Question
The entire pituitary gland is also known as the....
Answer
  • Neurohypophysis
  • Adenohypophysis
  • Hypophysis
  • Nuclei cluster

Question 72

Question
What characterizes Neurohypophysis?
Answer
  • Pars Nervosa
  • Pars Distalis
  • Pars Intermedia
  • Oxytocin
  • Vasopressin (ADH)
  • Synthesis of hormones in the Pituitary
  • Synthesis of hormones in the Hypothalamus
  • Release into the blood stream

Question 73

Question
What characterizes Adenohypophysis?
Answer
  • Pars Distalis
  • Pars Intermedia
  • Pars Nervosa
  • Hormones released from hypothalamus to act on pituitary
  • Hormones released from pituitary to act on hypothalamus
  • Releasing hormones

Question 74

Question
The sections of the pituitary... Anterior lobe= Pars [blank_start]Distalis[blank_end] Intermediate lobe= [blank_start]Pars Intermedia[blank_end] [blank_start]Neural[blank_end] lobe/Posterior lobe= [blank_start]Pars Nervosa[blank_end]
Answer
  • Distalis
  • Pars Intermedia
  • Pars Nervosa
  • Neural

Question 75

Question
Antidiuretic hormone (also known as AVP) acts through two types of receptors... V1= mediate vascular [blank_start]smooth muscle contraction[blank_end] (ex. [blank_start]vasoconstriction[blank_end] leads to increase blood pressure) V2= produces [blank_start]renal action[blank_end] of AVP (ex. [blank_start]conserves water[blank_end] to increase blood pressure)
Answer
  • smooth muscle contraction
  • renal conservation
  • pumping
  • reabsorption
  • vasoconstriction
  • vasodilation
  • spreading
  • renal action
  • vesicular aciton
  • pulmonary action
  • muscular action
  • conserves water
  • adds salts
  • makes blood
  • gets rid of water

Question 76

Question
AVP secretion effect on blood pressure: [blank_start]Increased[blank_end] BP->[blank_start]activation[blank_end] of baroreceptors->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] AVP secretion->increased [blank_start]H2O[blank_end] uptake (V2 receptor) and [blank_start]constriction[blank_end] of arterioles (V1 receptor)->increase BP
Answer
  • Increased
  • Decreased
  • High
  • Low
  • activation
  • inhibition
  • lipid binding
  • increased
  • decreased
  • moderate
  • unnecessary
  • H2O
  • Salt
  • Sugar
  • Nutrient
  • Constriction
  • Dilation
  • Looping

Question 77

Question
AVP effect on plasma osmolality: Increased blood osmolality->[blank_start]activate[blank_end] osmoreceptors in CNS->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] AVP secretion->increased H2O [blank_start]retention[blank_end] (V2) and increased Na+ secretion (V2)->increased urine [blank_start]concentration[blank_end] and decreased urine [blank_start]volume[blank_end]
Answer
  • activate
  • deactivate
  • inactivate
  • increased
  • decreased
  • maintained
  • retention
  • secretion
  • mediation
  • storage
  • concentration
  • fluidity
  • temperature
  • dilution
  • volume
  • flow
  • production rate

Question 78

Question
Oxytocin effects...
Answer
  • Milk release after parturition
  • Blocks milk release
  • Stimulates uterine contraction
  • Inhibits uterine contraction
  • Stimulates contraction of myometrium
  • Inhibits contraction of myometrium
  • undergoes positive feedback
  • undergoes negative feedback
  • Secretion induced from stretching of birth canal in birth

Question 79

Question
[blank_start]Negative[blank_end] feedback loops are responsible for maintaining homeostasis
Answer
  • Negative
  • Positive

Question 80

Question
What is Family 1 of peptide hormones involved in adenohypophysis?
Answer
  • Glycoprotein hormones
  • Growth Hormones and Prolactin
  • Hormones derived from Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Question 81

Question
What s Family 2 of peptide hormones of adenohypophysis?
Answer
  • Growth Hormones and Prolactin
  • Hormones derived from pro-opiomelanocortin
  • Glycoprotein Hormones

Question 82

Question
What belongs to Family 3 of peptide hormones of adenohypophysis?
Answer
  • Growth Hormones and Prolactin
  • Glycoprotein Hormones
  • Hormones derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Question 83

Question
What is an example(s) of glycoprotein hormone(s)?
Answer
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Chorionic Gonadotroph

Question 84

Question
What are examples of Gonadotropin hormones?
Answer
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  • Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
  • Chorionic Gonadotropin

Question 85

Question
Family II of Peptide Hormones have two separate units, the alpha units which are the [blank_start]same[blank_end] for all peptide hormones and beta subunits which are [blank_start]different[blank_end] and confer the [blank_start]special function[blank_end] of the hormone
Answer
  • same
  • regulated
  • variable
  • replacible
  • different
  • uniform
  • gelatenous
  • rare
  • special function
  • size
  • potency
  • necessity

Question 86

Question
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) has one gene that produces one protein that is cleaved in the ER in order to produce many biologically active fragments. They are cleaved by a family of prohormone convertases
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 87

Question
What factors effect the release of Prolactin (PRL)?
Answer
  • Opioids
  • PRL-inhibiting factors (such as Dopamine (DA))
  • Steroids
  • Cholecytokinin (CCK)
  • Glycogenesis
  • Catharsis

Question 88

Question
Prolactin is important in Reproduction and Growth and Development, but not Osmoregulation
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 89

Question
What are the reproductive actions of Prolactin in males?
Answer
  • Increase and maintain LH receptors in testes
  • Increase sperm motility
  • Increase sperm size
  • Too much=hypogonadism
  • Too much=hypergonadism

Question 90

Question
What are the reproductive actions of Prolactin in females?
Answer
  • Increase progesterone synthesis
  • Increase oxytocin synthesis
  • Synthesis of casein (milk protein) and fatty acids
  • Formation of uterine wall
  • Osmoregulatory in uterus
  • Hyperprolactinemia= reduced GnRH release and LH production
  • Hyperprolactinemia= increased GnRH release and LH production

Question 91

Question
What characterizes Growth Hormones?
Answer
  • somatic growth
  • Only height
  • direct action
  • indirect action
  • reduction in glucose regulation in the body

Question 92

Question
Hormones and factors that have an effect on Growth Hormone... GHRH has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect Somatostatin has a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect IGF-1 has a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect Hypoglycemia has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect High protein meal has a [blank_start]+[blank_end] effect Fatty acids have a [blank_start]-[blank_end] effect
Answer
  • +
  • -
  • -
  • +
  • -
  • +
  • +
  • -
  • +
  • -
  • -
  • +

Question 93

Question
GH deficiency early in life, and late in life causes respectively...
Answer
  • weakness, low sex drive, and genital atrophy ---- Dwarfism
  • Dwarfism ---- weakness, low sex drive, and genital atrophy

Question 94

Question
Excess GH early in life and later in life cause respectively....
Answer
  • Giganticism and Acromegaly
  • Acromegaly and Giganticism

Question 95

Question
What factors effect TSH release?
Answer
  • Temperature
  • TRH
  • T5
  • T4
  • T3
  • Osmoregulation

Question 96

Question
A goiter is a result of iodine deficiency leading to...
Answer
  • High T3, and T4 and high TSH
  • Low T3 and T4 and low TSH
  • High T3 and T4 and high TSH
  • Low T3 and T4 and High TSH

Question 97

Question
Steps in the synthesis of Thyroid Hormones [blank_start]3[blank_end]. Iodination of tyrosyl residues of thyroglobin molecules to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT) [blank_start]1[blank_end]. Iodide trapping by active transport (symport with Na+) [blank_start]4[blank_end]. Oxidative coupling of iodinated tyrosines-> form mainly T4 and less T3 (stored in colloid space) [blank_start]2[blank_end]. Oxidation of iodide (I-) to iodine (I2) by iodide peroxidase
Answer
  • 3
  • 1
  • 4
  • 2

Question 98

Question
T3 is produced in tissues outside the thyroid gland from [blank_start]deiodination[blank_end] of T4 in liver kidneys, anterior pituitary, cerebral cortex, and brown fat.
Answer
  • deiodination
  • iodination
  • hydrolyzation
  • lysis

Question 99

Question
Thyroid hormones are lipophobic and thus use intracellular receptors
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 100

Question
What are the effects of TH on various target tissues?
Answer
  • Metamorphosis
  • Osmoregulation
  • Growth Effects
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Glycogenesis
  • Nervous system development

Question 101

Question
Basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy to keep the body working properly, what specific hormone has a positive effect on BMR?
Answer
  • FSH
  • GnRH
  • TH
  • Estrogen

Question 102

Question
Thermogenesis with relation to TH: Cold->neuroendocrine reflex->[blank_start]increased[blank_end] hypothalamic TRH->increased [blank_start]TSH[blank_end]->increased [blank_start]T4[blank_end] and [blank_start]T3[blank_end] production->thermogenesis
Answer
  • increased
  • decreased
  • TSH
  • TRH
  • TH
  • T4
  • T5
  • T3
  • T2

Question 103

Question
What hormone is the key regulator of reproduction in vertebrates
Answer
  • LH
  • FSH
  • T4
  • GnRH

Question 104

Question
What characterizes the hormone GnRH?
Answer
  • Synthesis in neurosecratory neurons
  • Free floating in the extracellular fluid
  • Secreted in a pulsatile manner
  • Peptide hormone
  • Amino Acid hormone

Question 105

Question
GnRH acts to stimulate or suppress the reproductive process and cell division
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 106

Question
________ stimulates _______ peptin and that stimulates __________.
Answer
  • GnRH, Kiss, Estrogen
  • Kiss, Estrogen, GnRH
  • Estrogen, Kiss, GnRH
  • Kiss, GnRH, Estrogen

Question 107

Question
Birth control pills are made up of only estrogen
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 108

Question
Binding proteins are critical in maintaining...
Answer
  • Body temperature
  • Osmosis
  • Circulating hormone levels
  • Lipogenesis

Question 109

Question
Effects of gonadal steroids in women...
Answer
  • Estrogen can increase LH secretion
  • Estrogen effects mediated my Kiss Peptins
  • Inhibit the ovulatory surge of gonadotropins (mainly LH)
  • Combination of estrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH production

Question 110

Question
What two gonadal peptides shut off and activate GnRH production from pituitary?
Answer
  • Stopin and Startin
  • Inhibin and Activin
  • Guard peptide and generation peptide

Question 111

Question
Activin and inhibin are produced in the ovary and testis and are involved in the specific regulation of FSH where they stimulate of inhibit the secretion of FSH without effecting LH.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 112

Question
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
Answer
  • Luteal
  • Shedding
  • Stimulating
  • Follicular

Question 113

Question
Match
Image:
7bb6bf81-c1d3-4f10-a76e-a4590a68a641 (image/png)
Answer
  • Maturation of oocyte and ovulation
  • Result of stimulaiton from GnRH
  • Surge result in maturation/ovulation
  • Produce estrogen and progesterone

Question 114

Question
Match
Image:
bf9c4e02-fc0b-427d-8896-fff3376e913b (image/png)
Answer
  • Estrogen->Kiss peptins->GnRH->LH&FSH
  • Produced by corpus luteum
  • Build up caused by progesterone
  • Regression of corpus luteum

Question 115

Question
If pregnancy occurs chorionic gonadotroph (sectreted from [blank_start]placenta[blank_end]) secretions prolong the [blank_start]progesterone[blank_end] secretion and maintains pregnancy
Answer
  • Placenta
  • Corpus Luteum
  • Hyothalamus
  • progesterone
  • estrogen
  • LH
  • GnRH

Question 116

Question
All steroid hormones are derived from [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end] and are lipid soluble therefore must utilize [blank_start]binding[blank_end] proteins
Answer
  • cholesterol
  • amino acids
  • glucose
  • fatty acids
  • binding
  • pairing
  • matching
  • protecting

Question 117

Question
In the steroid hormone synthesis pathway: -The Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ([blank_start]StAR[blank_end]) moves [blank_start]cholesterol[blank_end] into the inner membrane of the [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end] (shuttling protein) -The [blank_start]cytrochrome[blank_end] P450 side chain cleavage is the rate limiting enzyme -[blank_start]Aromatase[blank_end] is used in the conversion from androstenedione and testosterone to estrogen and Estradiol -The only determination of product=[blank_start]specific[blank_end] enzymes along the pathway
Answer
  • StAR
  • cholesterol
  • amino acids
  • glucose
  • mitochondria
  • golgi body
  • ER
  • Cell
  • cytrochrome
  • Aromatase
  • Aromylase
  • Convertase
  • specific
  • major
  • selective

Question 118

Question
Androgens experience only [blank_start]-[blank_end] feedback Estrogen experiences only [blank_start]+[blank_end] feedback
Answer
  • -
  • +

Question 119

Question
Which of these options correctly pairs pancreatic hormones with the type of cell that produces them?
Answer
  • Insulin- beta cells
  • Insulin- alpha cells
  • Glucagon- alpha cells
  • Glucagon- beta cells

Question 120

Question
Which of these hormones are produced in the adrenal glands?
Answer
  • Insulin
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Glucagon
  • Adrenalin

Question 121

Question
[blank_start]Glycogenolysis[blank_end]= the conversion of glycogen to glucose [blank_start]Gluconeogenesis[blank_end]= the synthesis of new glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates (a.as or glycerol)
Answer
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Glycogen Synthesis
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Glycolysis

Question 122

Question
Insulin...
Answer
  • Increases blood glucose
  • Is a hypoglycemic hormone
  • Enhanced cellular storage of glucose
  • Opposes fat synthesis
  • Acts on RTK receptors
  • Decreases solute transport
  • Increase oxidation of glucose in adipose tissues to produce ATP
  • Increase gycogenesis in mainly muscle
  • Decrease protein synthesis as a result of increased a.a transport

Question 123

Question
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that is...
Answer
  • Insulin independent
  • Insulin dependent
  • Insulin acting
  • Insulin overloading

Question 124

Question
What hormones oppose insulin action?
Answer
  • Estrogen
  • Glucagon
  • Testosterone
  • Cortisol
  • Adrenaline
  • Progesterone

Question 125

Question
Glucagon is a....
Answer
  • Hyperglycemic hormone
  • Enhances the actions of insulin
  • Acts on liver cells to increase glucose production
  • Decrease glucose levels in circulation

Question 126

Question
What actions are characteristic of Glucagon?
Answer
  • Increased glycogenolysis
  • Decreased glyconeogenesis
  • Increased lipolysis

Question 127

Question
What type of hormones are associated with the Adrenal Medulla?
Answer
  • Corticosteroids
  • Catecholamines
  • Growth Hormones
  • Steroid hormones

Question 128

Question
Within the Catecholamine synthesis pathway: [blank_start]Phenylalanine[blank_end] is broken down by phenylalanine hydroxylase to make [blank_start]Tyrosine[blank_end] (the backbone for all amine hormones) is then broken down by Tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting enzyme) to produce [blank_start]dihydroxyphenylalanine[blank_end] (DOPA) which in turn in broken down to form Dopamine, then [blank_start]Norepinepherine[blank_end] which is lastly broken down by [blank_start]Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase[blank_end] (PNMT) to form [blank_start]Epinepherine[blank_end].
Answer
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tyrosine
  • dihydroxyphenylalanine
  • Norepinepherine
  • Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
  • Epinepherine

Question 129

Question
Andregenic receptors are sensitive to both E and NE although which one is more responsive to alpha and which to beta receptors?
Answer
  • alpha- E, beta- NE
  • alpha-NE, beta- E

Question 130

Question
Epinephrine has a more generalized bodily response when it comes to an emergency response than Norepinepherine.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 131

Question
Adrenalin is a hyperglycemic hormone because it...
Answer
  • Stimulates ACTH release
  • Stimulates insulin release
  • Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
  • Inhibits glucagon release

Question 132

Question
The Adrenal cortes produces: [blank_start]Mineralocorticoids[blank_end] such as aldosterone in the zona [blank_start]glomerulosa[blank_end] [blank_start]Glucocorticoids[blank_end] such as cortisol in the zona [blank_start]fasciculata[blank_end] [blank_start]Gondaocorticoids[blank_end] such as androgens in the zona [blank_start]reticularis[blank_end] The only thing that differentiates what is produced at each layer are the [blank_start]enzymes[blank_end] that occur in the different areas
Answer
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • glomerulosa
  • Glucocorticoids
  • fasciculata
  • Gondaocorticoids
  • reticularis
  • enzymes
  • lipids
  • components

Question 133

Question
Chromaffin is the tissue in the medulla that secretes Catecholamine hormones
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 134

Question
The release and action of corticosteroids (steroid hormones) takes longer because...
Answer
  • They act over a larger distance
  • They move more slowly
  • They result in new protein synthesis
  • They are larger

Question 135

Question
In the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal-Adrenal axis: The [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] produces [blank_start]corticotropin releasing hormone[blank_end] (CRH) that acts on the [blank_start]pituitary[blank_end] which releases [blank_start]ACTH[blank_end] which binds to the [blank_start]adrenal cortex[blank_end] through the melanocortin 2 receptor ([blank_start]MC2R[blank_end]) which finally produces [blank_start]corticosteroids[blank_end].
Answer
  • hypothalamus
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
  • pituitary
  • ACTH
  • adrenal cortex
  • MC2R
  • corticosteroids

Question 136

Question
Glucocorticoids....
Answer
  • increase the avalability of glucose
  • inhibit the breakdown of proteins and fats for their conversion to carbohydrates for gluconeogenesis
  • inhibits the uptake of glucose from certain cells
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