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Theory of Mind

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developental saved (Finsihed) Quiz on Theory of Mind, created by murat sertay on 15/08/2016.
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Question 1

Question
There is an ability to attribute the same beliefs, desires, and intentions that you have to others. This can also be used to predict behaviour. What is this called?
Answer
  • Theory of Mind
  • Understanding of Mind
  • Perception of Mind

Question 2

Question
Bakti (et al., 2000) found early signs of Theory of Mind when infants were focused on the open eyes of faces. Does this occur before or after they turn a year old?
Answer
  • Before
  • After

Question 3

Question
It has been suggested that when babies see others cry, they cry as well. They can "catch" emotions. What is this called?
Answer
  • Emotional disease
  • Emotional contagion
  • Emotional reciprocation

Question 4

Question
Do newborns understand empathy when they see others expressing emotion?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 5

Question
Infants use emotional signals to guide their actions or appraise events. For example, during "visual cliffs", infants look at their mothers to decide on what to do next. What is this called?
Answer
  • Social inference
  • Social referencing
  • Social indignation

Question 6

Question
When is social referencing said to occur?
Answer
  • Before turning a year old
  • When a year old
  • At 2 years old

Question 7

Question
______-________ ________ is when a one-year-old infant will signal for something to be picked up.
Answer
  • Proto-imperative pointing
  • Proto-declarative pointing

Question 8

Question
______-________ ________ is when a one-year-old infant will signal at an object or person, but have no desire for action.
Answer
  • Proto-declarative pointing
  • Proto-imperative pointing

Question 9

Question
One-year-olds understand and engage with the attention of others to share attention. What is this called?
Answer
  • Joint attention
  • Reciprocal attention
  • Understood attention

Question 10

Question
At what age do infants understand early desire (Rapacholi & Gopnik, 1997), as well as the desire-happiness and desire-action links (Wellman & Wooley, 1990)?
Answer
  • At a year old
  • At 2 years old
  • Less than a year old

Question 11

Question
Do newborns prefer open or closed eyes according to Bakti (et al., 2000)?
Answer
  • Open
  • Closed

Question 12

Question
Do newborns find faces interesting, according to Bakti (et al., 2000)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 13

Question
Which of the following evolves first in infant development at 18 months old?
Answer
  • Early desire
  • Desire-happiness link
  • Desire-action link

Question 14

Question
Children acquire adult-like Theory of Mind understanding at what age?
Answer
  • A year old
  • 2 years old
  • 3 years old
  • 4 years old

Question 15

Question
According to Wellman (1990), do children begin to have belief-desire reasoning?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 16

Question
At 2 years old, children understand that people act according to their ________.
Answer
  • Desires
  • Beliefs

Question 17

Question
At 4 years old, children understand that people act according to their ________.
Answer
  • Desires
  • Beliefs

Question 18

Question
Does Theory of Mind develop continuously from birth to adulthood?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 19

Question
According to Perner (1991), what type of understanding do children develop?
Answer
  • Representational
  • Fictional
  • Theoretical
  • Perceptual

Question 20

Question
A 3 year old will commonly answer ________ to a false belief task.
Answer
  • Correctly
  • Incorrectly

Question 21

Question
A 4 or 5-year-old will typically answer ________ on a false belief task.
Answer
  • Correctly
  • Incorrectly

Question 22

Question
Is the false belief task an "acid test" of whether Theory of Mind has been understood?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 23

Question
A child understands Theory of Mind when:
Answer
  • They can separate mind (eg, what someone believes) from world (eg, what something actually is)
  • They can conflate two variables together to form a type of reasoning

Question 24

Question
If a child fails a false belief task, what type of deficit is it?
Answer
  • A mental understanding deficit
  • A language or memory deficit

Question 25

Question
Which sex prefers to more eye contact and biological motion?
Answer
  • Girls
  • Boys

Question 26

Question
Who has the slight advantage at false belief tasks according to Charman, Ruffman, and Clements (2001)?
Answer
  • Girls
  • Boys

Question 27

Question
Avis and Harris (1991) examined the Baka tribe of Cameroon on the understanding of Theory of Mind. Callaghan (et al., 2005) replicated and extended the findings. What was found?
Answer
  • Children under 5 failed the task, children over 5 passed
  • Children, regardless of age, were able to pass the task

Question 28

Question
Wellman, Cross, and Watson (2001) were able to confirm that full understanding occurs at what age?
Answer
  • 2 years old
  • 3 years old
  • 4 years old

Question 29

Question
Social understanding of Theory of Mind is:
Answer
  • Social understanding
  • Perceptual understanding
  • Rational understanding

Question 30

Question
Social understanding of Theory of Mind, narrowly, is:
Answer
  • False belief understanding
  • False perceptual understanding
  • False rationalisation understanding

Question 31

Question
In false belief understanding (or social understanding) do children differentiate between beliefs and desires? Would they understand that someone will act on their beliefs even when their desires are against it?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 32

Question
Is false belief understanding (or social understanding) synonymous with perspective-taking (Perner, et al., 2002)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 33

Question
Do children need connectedness of communication (Slomkowski & Dunn, 1996) in perspective-taking to pass false belief tasks?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 34

Question
Do children need the understanding of role play, as well as joint proposals in pretend play (Astington & Jenkins, 1995) in perspective-taking to pass false belief tasks?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 35

Question
Do children need peer-teaching skills (Strauss, Ziv & Stein, 2002) in perspective-taking in order to pass false belief tasks?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 36

Question
Which way are social skills generally measured in children, according to Lalonde and Chandler (1995)?
Answer
  • Intentional behaviours vs. social rules
  • Intentional behaviours with social rules

Question 37

Question
Are there general ratings with social competence, or are they more specific according to Nixon, Wilson, and Capage (1999)?
Answer
  • General ratings with social competence
  • Specific ratings with social competence

Question 38

Question
Is there an issue with language and social competence in that there is no language control, according to Lalonde and Chandler (1995)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 39

Question
Is there an issue with language and social control in terms of total utterances according to Watson (et al., 1999)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 40

Question
Is there an issue with language and social competence in terms of attributing language with causality, according to Pears and Carlson (2003)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 41

Question
Is there an issue with social competence against causality, in that there is a division between certain socially competent children and the socially skilled (Bosacki & Astington)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 42

Question
Can issues with Theory of Mind lead to psychopathy, according to Blair (2003, 2008)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 43

Question
Can issues with Theory of Mind lead to bullying, according to Sutton, Smith, and Swettenham (1999)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 44

Question
Dunn and Cutting (2001) highlighted that children ________ become sensitive to criticism.
Answer
  • Do
  • Do not

Question 45

Question
According to Cahill (et al., 2007), higher Theory of Mind levels of understanding with very warm mothers leads to high or low self-esteem?
Answer
  • High self-esteem
  • Low self-esteem

Question 46

Question
According to Cahill (et al., 2007), higher Theory of Mind levels of understanding but with more cold and hostile mothers leads to higher or lower self-esteem?
Answer
  • Higher self-esteem
  • Lower self-esteem

Question 47

Question
What two components are necessary for greater understanding of Theory of Mind?
Answer
  • Executive functioning
  • General language ability
  • Hippocampal processing
  • Advanced perceptual understanding
  • Rationalisation

Question 48

Question
The Vygotskian view suggests that, for a more advanced understanding of Theory of Mind, children need to learn and practice mental state understanding or perspective taking (Harris, et al., 2005). What is this called?
Answer
  • Mental state awareness
  • Mental state talk
  • Mental state coercion

Question 49

Question
Does Theory of Mind understanding positively correlate with the number of siblings a 3 or 4-year-old has according to Perner (et al., 1994)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 50

Question
According to Astington & Jenkins (1995), does the number of siblings positively correlate with false belief task success particularly with weaker language competency?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 51

Question
Lewis (et al., 1996) analysed families in Cyprus. They found that the ______ family members a child had, the greater their chances of passing false belief tasks. This was especially true with siblings.
Answer
  • More
  • Less

Question 52

Question
According to Ruffman (et al., 1998), does social interaction with siblings facilitate social cognition (eg, Theory of Mind)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 53

Question
Youngblade and Dunn (1995) found that:
Answer
  • The older the sibling, the more sophisticated the pretence
  • The younger the sibling, the more sophisticated the pretence

Question 54

Question
Brown and Dunn (1991, 1992) found that most mental state talk occurs with the mother or older sibling(s)?
Answer
  • Mother
  • OIder sibling(s)

Question 55

Question
The Ruffman, Slade and Crowe (2002) study was cross-sectional (eg, at one time-point). It gives correlations between the mother and child, but does it give causation?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 56

Question
Does mental state talk cause false belief understanding (comes before), or does a mother's use of mental state talk help to facilitate understanding once they have already achieved it (comes after)?
Answer
  • Mental state talk causes false belief understanding (comes before)
  • Mental state talk helps to facilitate understanding once they have achieved it (comes after)
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