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Perspectives on Relationships

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social saved (Finished ) Quiz on Perspectives on Relationships, created by murat sertay on 15/08/2016.
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Question 1

Question
In relationships, we as individuals do not really care about fairness in relationships, as long as personal gain is in our favour.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 2

Question
Hatfield, Utne, and Traupmann (1999) interviewed newly-married couples and how they felt about the current statuses of their marriage in relation to the effort that they put in. Are we more content when we are over-benefited, under-benefited, or equitably treated?
Answer
  • Over-benefited.
  • Under-benefited.
  • Equitably treated.
  • None of the above.

Question 3

Question
Guilt in a relationship, particularly for women, is highest when...
Answer
  • We over-benefit from it.
  • We under-benefit from it.
  • We are equitably treated.
  • Others see how balanced our relationship is.
  • None of the above.

Question 4

Question
Anger in a relationship is highest when...
Answer
  • We are over-benefited.
  • We are under-benefited.
  • We are equitably treated.
  • None of the above.

Question 5

Question
People stay in a relationship only when the profit or payoff is higher than when they believe it is better than with someone else (Thibaut & Kelley, 1955).
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 6

Question
Individuals who discover that their relationships are unbalanced will often try to restore equity (Hatfield, Berscheid & Walster, 1976).
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 7

Question
According to Hatfield, Rapson, and Aumer-Ryan (2007) when are the concerns of fairness the most pertinent in a relationship?
Answer
  • The beginning.
  • When it looks to be ending.
  • Consistently across the span of it.
  • There aren't really any times.
  • Both at the beginning and when it looks to be ending.

Question 8

Question
Some have criticised the authenticity of research involving equity theory in relationships, citing that it generally happens in unbalanced (or unhappy) relationships that concerns about fairness are more prominent. Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 9

Question
In the Aumer-Ryan (et al., 2007) study, when did the Jamaican participants feel satisfaction most compared to American participants?
Answer
  • When they over-benefited.
  • When they under-benefited.
  • When they were also equitably treated.
  • None of the above.

Question 10

Question
"People tend not to compare their own relationships with others and focus, individually, on all the variables and circumstances surrounding their own" (Buunk, Oldersma & De Dreu, 2001). Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 11

Question
Wong and Goodwin (2009) conducted qualitative research on relationships in three different cultures (United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Beijing). Which of the following were the most important for Chinese and Hongkongese relationships? Select the appropriate, as there is more than one answer.
Answer
  • Companionship.
  • Equity.
  • Consolidation.
  • Characterisation.
  • Harmony.

Question 12

Question
According to Wong and Goodwin (2009), British couples find that [blank_start]companionship[blank_end] is the most important aspect of a relationship, whilst Hongkongese and Chinese value [blank_start]harmony[blank_end] more.
Answer
  • companionship
  • trust
  • attraction
  • equity
  • harmony
  • codependency
  • love
  • family

Question 13

Question
Are the six definitions of love, as highlighted by Watts and Stenner (2013), built on traditional masculine and feminine values, or are they fluid and ever-changing?
Answer
  • Traditional values.
  • Fluid and ever-changing.
  • Both.
  • Neither.
  • None of the above.

Question 14

Question
Milnes (2010) argues that society's ideological constructions of sexuality for males and females have an inherent double standard. Men are seen as active, wild, and generally uncontrollable, meanwhile, women are seen as passive and reactive. Men generally excused for potential promiscuity, because of these constructions, compared to women. Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 15

Question
Boonzaier (2008) interviewed male and female couples in which there had been histories of abuse suffered by the women that were inflicted by their male partners. What was the main draw from her findings?
Answer
  • That the men positioned themselves as victims.
  • That the men positioned women as victims.
  • That the women blamed their partners.
  • That the women blamed themselves.
  • Both blamed each other.
  • None of the above.

Question 16

Question
Jealousy is often a single event in a relationship, rather than found to be developed from a series of previous events. Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 17

Question
Membership categorisation (MCD) devices can be used to denote particular stereotypes to characteristics of other individuals. For example, Stokoe (2010) observed discourses in conversation about men from two women. "That's men," Sophie said. "That's what James was like on Sunday". The MCD is not about the individual in particular, but about the membership of James and men in general. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
According to Butler (1990), gender is [blank_start]performative[blank_end].
Answer
  • performative
  • rigid
  • fluid
  • irrelevant
  • unnecessary

Question 19

Question
Butler (1990) believes that identity is singular, fixed, and that they shape our gender relevant behaviours. Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 20

Question
"Our available lexicon of sexuality and relationships both makes available and delimits who, what, and how we can be" Butler (1989, 1999, 2004) wrote this. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 21

Question
According to Butler (1989, 1999, 2004) gender is non-binary, and there are some definitions of sexuality and identity that cannot be defined. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 22

Question
Select the definition that best describes the equity theory.
Answer
  • We balance what is fair in a cost-reward ratio in accordance to both (or more parties) and ensure that these is maximum fairness and balance.
  • We determine what is best for us when balancing resources in negotiations between two parties.
  • We ensure that the other party has a fairer share before thinking of ourselves when negotiating resources.
  • All of the above.

Question 23

Question
Select the definition that best describes the exchange theory.
Answer
  • We act on a cost-reward basis in our interactions with others, particularly in relationships, but what will give us the greatest profit in doing so.
  • We try to exchange with others, in terms of interaction, with what will benefit us the most.
  • We ensure that people other than ourselves perceive us in higher social standing after negotiating higher cost-reward in their benefit during interactions.
  • All of the above.
  • None of the above.

Question 24

Question
"For the equity theory, research is often very artificial. They are usually held within inauthentic settings and tend to revolve around business games where one party goes as far to help the others as much as they have been helped themselves. Therefore, it's not widely generalisable to personable, human interaction and relationships" (Wilke & Lanzetta, 1970). Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 25

Question
Reproductive fitness refers to:
Answer
  • Mates that have the optimum chance of passing one's own genes through to their offspring
  • Mates who have the optimum opportunities to reproduce a number of offspring

Question 26

Question
According to the evolutionary process between sexual partners, is it the more positive or negatively related preferences are to sexual preferences that genes are passed on?
Answer
  • The more negatively related, the fewer genes that are passed on
  • The more negatively related, the more genes that are passed on

Question 27

Question
According to the Buss (1989) study, are there sex-linked preferences between males and females?
Answer
  • Yes, there are
  • No, there are not

Question 28

Question
For Buss (1989), sex-linked preferences refer to:
Answer
  • What is desirable in a potential mate for a person making the judgement
  • What is undesirable in a potential mate for a person making the judgement

Question 29

Question
Who of the two sexes is investing more in human reproduction?
Answer
  • Males
  • Females

Question 30

Question
Buss (1989) suggested that:
Answer
  • Cultural differences (etc) exert powerful effects on the value attached to chastity
  • Cultural differences (etc) have no effect at all on the value of chastity

Question 31

Question
According to Stone, Shackleford, and Buss (2008), countries with poor health had preferences for:
Answer
  • Financial security
  • Good health

Question 32

Question
According to Chu (et al., 2007) females showed a consistent preference for attractive males of:
Answer
  • Medium status rather than high status
  • High status rather than medium status

Question 33

Question
Which sex, according to Shackleford (et al., 2005) prefers "dependability, stability, education, and intelligence" more?
Answer
  • Men
  • Women

Question 34

Question
Which impact what, according to Confer (et al., 2010)
Answer
  • Culture impacts evolution
  • Evolution impacts culture

Question 35

Question
According to Wheeler and Kim (1997), Koreans Americans find what attractive?
Answer
  • Social skills, friendliness, and well-adjusted pictures with others
  • Social withdrawal, hostility, and generally negative attitudes

Question 36

Question
According to Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) and propinquity, were participants' closest friends living nearer to them or further apart?
Answer
  • Nearer to them
  • Further apart

Question 37

Question
According to research (Bornstein, 1989; Bornstein & D'Agostino, 1992; Moreland & Beach, 1992), did participants attend classes the more they liked or disliked the confederates?
Answer
  • They attended classes the more they liked the confederates
  • They attended classes they less that they liked the confederates

Question 38

Question
According to Heider (1958) and the balance theory, we are motivated to achieve a state of equilibrium. Therefore:
Answer
  • We like those that we share similar attitudes with, and dislike those that we don't
  • We like those that we do not share similar attitudes with, and dislike those who do

Question 39

Question
According to Byrne (1971) and the law of attraction:
Answer
  • The proportion of shared attitudes is correspondent with the level of attraction
  • The proportion of misaligned attitudes is correspondent with the level of attraction

Question 40

Question
According to Jones, Pelham, Carvalho, and Mirenberg (2004), was there a significant or non-significant matching between people sharing the same surname prior to marriage
Answer
  • Significant matching
  • Non-significant matching

Question 41

Question
Jones (et al., 2004) found in similarity research that those who had experimental codes similar to their birth dates or surnames were:
Answer
  • Had a greater liking for each other
  • Had a greater hostility towards others

Question 42

Question
According to Singh (et al., 2007), does how someone is personally evaluated have a significant effect? Does it increase attraction?
Answer
  • Yes, it does
  • No, it does not

Question 43

Question
According to research (Riela, Rodriguez, Aron, Xu & Acevedo, 2010; Riela, et al., 2010) similarity is not as influential as perceived liking. Riela (et al., 2010) found that white Americans and Asian Americans were less or more fond of "liking each other" and "familiarity"?
Answer
  • More fond of reciprocal liking
  • Less fond of reciprocal liking

Question 44

Question
Reciprocal liking refers to:
Answer
  • Mutual liking between two people
  • Mutual dislike between two people

Question 45

Question
According to Wood and Brumbaugh (2009), assortative mating is the idea that:
Answer
  • People seek out partners who share certain characteristics with themselves
  • People seek out partners who do not share the same characteristics as they do

Question 46

Question
According to research (Buss & Barnes, 1986; Geary, Vigil & Byrd-Craven, 2004), market forces refer to:
Answer
  • The 'market value' of a potential mate that are perceived by others when looking for people
  • The forces of the markets in which evolutionary psychology attempts to search

Question 47

Question
According to Wood and Brumbaugh (2009), do men show strong consensual concern for physical characteristics?
Answer
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Question 48

Question
Wood and Brumbaugh (2009) found through their research that there is or is not a consensus for what traits are desirable in sexual partners?
Answer
  • There is a consensus
  • There is no consensus, at all

Question 49

Question
According to Dickerson (2012), does your heightened state of arousal or excitation shape how you understand your feelings about meeting someone?
Answer
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Question 50

Question
The excitation transfer refers to:
Answer
  • The misattribution of a state of arousal
  • The attribution of state or arousal

Question 51

Question
In the Dutton and Aron (1974), who called the experimenter after the study more?
Answer
  • Those on the precarious bridge
  • Those on the safe bridge

Question 52

Question
According to Cohen and Waugh (1989), those leaving 'suspense thriller' films were more or less aroused? For example, holding hands more, touching (etc).
Answer
  • More aroused
  • Less aroused

Question 53

Question
Meston and Frohlich (2003) found that ratings for attractiveness of a photograph were higher or lower for which group?
Answer
  • Higher for the post-ride group
  • Higher for the pre-ride group

Question 54

Question
The ________ ________ is an idea that our motivation to enter and remain in relationships is driven by our assessment of the profit (rewards - costs) of doing so. Our behaviour is thus driven by seeking to maximise our profit. Profit, in this context, can include any perceived net benefits, not just financial ones.
Answer
  • Exchange theory
  • Equity theory

Question 55

Question
Rational actor refers to:
Answer
  • The idea that human behaviour can be made sense of in terms of individuals rationally purusing what they perceive to be their own self-interest
  • The idea that human behaviour can be made sense of in terms of individuals not rationally acting in what they want, but what others want

Question 56

Question
The ________ ________ is an idea that people are motivated by a concern with both maximising their outcomes (like the other theory) and (unlike the other theory) with fairness. The concern with fairness is understood as a particularly important issue for understanding partners' satisfaction or distress within a relationship.
Answer
  • Equity theory
  • Exchange theory

Question 57

Question
According to the Adams (1965) formula, outcome rewards minus outcome costs are ________ by perceived input.
Answer
  • Divided
  • Multiplied
  • Added
  • Subtracted

Question 58

Question
According to Adams (1965), the more a person feels that they contribute to the relationship (input), the more or less they feel that they deserve to receive in terms of outcomes and inputs?
Answer
  • More they feel
  • Less they feel

Question 59

Question
Pillemer, Hatfield, and Sprecher (2008) found that, in a study of women aged between 50 and 82, that women were their most content when:
Answer
  • Over-benefiting
  • Under-benefiting

Question 60

Question
According to Austin and Walster (1975), are individuals more concerned with equity in totality or equity in only some places
Answer
  • Totality
  • Some places

Question 61

Question
Attributions can be understood as:
Answer
  • Definitions
  • Causations

Question 62

Question
Stander, Hsiung and McDermaid (2001) found that marriages rated as "conflictual" had higher or lower incidences of distress-maintaining attributions?
Answer
  • Higher level of incidences
  • Lower levels of incidences

Question 63

Question
Fincham, Harold, and Gano-Phillips (2000) asserted that:
Answer
  • Attributions concerning partner behaviour shape relationship satisfaction
  • Attributions concerning partner behaviour do not shape relationship satisfaction at all

Question 64

Question
Available discourses refer to:
Answer
  • Culturally available constructions about how things are
  • Culturally available constructions about how the world should be

Question 65

Question
Ideological implications refer to:
Answer
  • Versions of the world that are constructed, and their consequences, in being a type of person (eg, male, female)
  • Versions of the world that others do not see but yourself

Question 66

Question
Interactional implications are:
Answer
  • Implications with an immediate interaction
  • Implications that do not have an immediate interaction
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