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Sociology health and illness midterm 2 study guide

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Brittany Hinds
Quiz by Brittany Hinds, updated more than 1 year ago
Brittany Hinds
Created by Brittany Hinds over 1 year ago
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Question 1

Question
Canadian studies from the 1980s reveal that unemployed people are more likely to ________.
Answer
  • be hospitalized
  • report low psychological distress
  • sustain workplace injuries
  • all of these

Question 2

Question
In Canada by 2008, the prevalence of measured obesity had reached ________ of the adult population.
Answer
  • 15%
  • 25%
  • 40%
  • 50%

Question 3

Question
In 1848, Dr Rudolf Virchow, founder of modern cellular pathology, suggested that an outbreak of typhus in Prussia (now Poland) was the result of ________.
Answer
  • lice carrying bacteria
  • misdiagnosis
  • prescription drug use
  • problems in the physical and social environment

Question 4

Question
Researchers examining the determinants of health ________.
Answer
  • use of a variety of systems to classify the determinants of health
  • make important distinctions between upstream and downstream determinants
  • emphasize that more attention should be placed on examining distal factors as determinants of health
  • All of these

Question 5

Question
One of the implications of strong social support is ________.
Answer
  • obesity
  • increased isolation
  • reduced mortality
  • increased substance abuse

Question 6

Question
The story of Jason's health from a report on the health of Canadians by the Public Health Agency of Canada (1999) reveals that ________.
Answer
  • overanalyzing an individual's health is harmful
  • causal explanations for health status are usually easily identified
  • social context is not relevant to individual behavior
  • various social determinants of health have a greater influence upon health than traditional behavioural risk factors

Question 7

Question
Heredity makes us susceptible to disease, but ________ and ________ factors influence its onset.
Answer
  • social, emotional
  • initial, concluding
  • environmental, lifestyle
  • smoking, drinking

Question 8

Question
Structural determinants of health include ________.
Answer
  • genetic makeup
  • living and working conditions
  • personal health practices
  • personal beliefs

Question 9

Question
It is estimated that ________ of increased longevity since 1900 is the result of improved health care.
Answer
  • 70-80%
  • 0-5%
  • 10-15%
  • 40-50%

Question 10

Question
According to Raphael, ________ are an example of a horizontal structure.
Answer
  • workplace conditions
  • social policies
  • political policies
  • economic policies

Question 11

Question
In 2011, census data showed that for the first time there were more Canadians between the ages of 55 and 64 than those aged 15 to 24.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
In the coming years, population aging in Canada will decelerate.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 13

Question
Three-quarters of drinking water systems in First Nations communities pose significant risks to the health of on-reserve Aboriginal peoples.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 14

Question
Research by Blaxter suggests that individual lifestyle practices may play a more important part in shaping the health of people with high socioeconomic status
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 15

Question
Traditional health promotion that encourages individual Canadians to change their behavioural practices to improve health has been very successful in Canada.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 16

Question
The urban health penalty refers to research that argues that those who live in rural areas have worse health than those who live in urban centres.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 17

Question
Social determinants of health include both structural and personal factors.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
Horizontal structures are more immediate factors that shape health and well-being, such as quality of housing.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 19

Question
Instrumental support is given when a social relationship provides a vital source of information about health-related matters.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 20

Question
There is conclusive support for the urban health penalty in the literature.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 21

Question
The decline in occupational prestige associated with a decline in perceived health status particularly affects female (as compared to male) labour force participants.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 22

Question
There has been a substantial increase in income inequality in Canada since the 1980s.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 23

Question
Those with limited access to social and economic resources are least likely to continue to participate in the labour market when they experience health problems.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 24

Question
Social-class differences in mortality persist over time even though the major causes of death change.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 25

Question
People who are retired generally report better health than people in the labour force.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 26

Question
In the Whitehall studies of civil servants, the social gradient in health outcomes could be explained by lifestyle behaviours.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 27

Question
Cultural behavioural explanations are the most common explanation guiding research on the social gradient in health in Canada.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 28

Question
There have been very few Canadian studies examining the relationship between income and health outcomes.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 29

Question
The social gradient in health is steepest in late adulthood.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 30

Question
There are dramatic differences in life expectancy today, both between and within countries.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 31

Question
In order to better understand the means by which income influences health, researchers need ________.
Answer
  • less qualitative and mixed-methods studies
  • more research funding available to new researchers
  • more interdisciplinary work on the pathways involved in the income–health relationship
  • more free time to pursue leisure activities that encourage creative thinking

Question 32

Question
Income adequacy is defined as ________.
Answer
  • having sufficient income to meet family needs
  • having an income 30 percent above the poverty line
  • having two months' worth of savings in the bank
  • having enough resources to cover health-care costs only

Question 33

Question
The _________ explanation approach argues that people with lower socioeconomic status are exposed to a more harmful environment and have less access to health care and health promotion.
Answer
  • cultural behavioural
  • psychosocial
  • environmental surrounding
  • materialist

Question 34

Question
To understand the fundamental causes of disparities in health, one needs to focus on ________.
Answer
  • socioeconomic position
  • gender
  • race and ethnicity
  • all of these

Question 35

Question
Among older adults, low health literacy is associated with ________.
Answer
  • poor self-care of chronic diseases
  • excessive use of emergency services
  • increased risk of mortality
  • all of these

Question 36

Question
The worst type of job you can have for your health is a job characterized as ________.
Answer
  • high demands and high control
  • high demands and low control
  • low demands and low control
  • low demands and high control

Question 37

Question
In the United States, there is a gap in life expectancy of approximately ________ year(s) between the least advantaged and most advantaged members of society.
Answer
  • 1
  • 5
  • 10
  • 20

Question 38

Question
The operational skills, linguistic styles, values and norms that one accrues through education and lifelong socialization are referred to as ________.
Answer
  • social capital
  • cultural capital
  • social gradient
  • social status

Question 39

Question
Canadian studies examining data on social gradients in health conclude that ________.
Answer
  • the social gradient in mortality is steeper for men than for women
  • the social gradient in mortality is steeper for women than for men
  • there is no gender difference in the social gradient
  • there is no evidence of a social gradient in mortality in Canada

Question 40

Question
The differential vulnerability hypothesis argues that ________.
Answer
  • younger people are more vulnerable to disease than older adults
  • a woman's health is more vulnerable to environmental factors than a man's
  • people with lower socioeconomic status have poor coping skills
  • people with no social network are more able to make independent health decisions

Question 41

Question
Men are more likely than women to die following a heart attack or stroke.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 42

Question
Both sex and gender should be measured as non-binary variables.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 43

Question
Females' lung cancer rates are increasing, while males' lung cancer rates are either remaining stable or decreasing.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 44

Question
Women between the ages of 20 and 44 are far more likely to be hospitalized than men, even when maternity care is excluded.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 45

Question
In Canada, men die approximately four years earlier than women.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 46

Question
Since 2009, Health Canada has mandated that researchers include sex and gender–based analysis in their research.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 47

Question
Estrogen increases low density lipoprotein and thus increases women's chances of heart disease.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 48

Question
There is a much greater expectation for men to present themselves for medical care than there is for women.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 49

Question
The feminist paradigm argues that women's bodies and women's lives have been the target of medicalization.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 50

Question
Lung cancer has now surpassed breast cancer in terms of premature death among Canadian women.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 51

Question
Women are more likely than men to ________.
Answer
  • be employed full time
  • take on caregiving roles
  • exercise a high level of control in their jobs
  • be highly valued in society

Question 52

Question
The role accumulation hypothesis ________.
Answer
  • emphasizes the harmful effects of women's roles
  • suggests women are more willing to adopt the sick role because of socialization
  • suggests men are socialized to take risks, while women are socialized to be more cautious and concerned about taking care of their health
  • suggests that more roles result in better health

Question 53

Question
The pronounced differences between women and men in the area of health and illness can be attributed to ________.
Answer
  • differences in socioeconomic status
  • biology
  • lifestyle factors
  • It is not yet fully understood why such pronounced differences exist.

Question 54

Question
According to the sex- and gender-based analysis (SGBA), variations in health consequences are produced by ________ that intersects with gender.
Answer
  • socioeconomic position
  • race and ethnicity
  • sexual orientation
  • all of these

Question 55

Question
Hegemonic masculinity is a cultural ideal that embodies men as ________.
Answer
  • cooperative
  • uneducated
  • heterosexual
  • members of visible minorities

Question 56

Question
Following a cardiovascular event such as a heart attack or stroke, men (as compared to women) are ________.
Answer
  • less likely to die
  • less likely to undergo cardiac catheterization
  • less likely to be transferred to a different healthcare facility
  • all of these

Question 57

Question
The care provided by women has been ________.
Answer
  • largely invisible and unpaid
  • mainly in formal healthcare settings
  • only a small portion of the healthcare system
  • becoming less important over time

Question 58

Question
Women's health-adjusted life expectancy is approximately ________ years.
Answer
  • 70
  • 40
  • 80
  • 50

Question 59

Question
Men are far more likely than women to die of ________.
Answer
  • cerebrovascular disease
  • heart disease
  • disease of the central nervous system
  • suicide

Question 60

Question
Structural determinants of health include ________.
Answer
  • smoking behaviour
  • level of physical activity
  • family structure
  • diet

Question 61

Question
A deterioration in the health of immigrants over time was not confirmed in the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 62

Question
Type 2 diabetes was a problem for Aboriginal communities at the time Canada was colonized.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 63

Question
There are no notable ethnic differences in health behaviour.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 64

Question
In the National Population Health Survey, year of arrival has been found to be an important predictor of immigrant health status.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 65

Question
The commonly used measures of ethnicity in population health research are ancestry and ethnic identity.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 66

Question
The relationship between health and ethnicity has received more research attention than the link between health disparities and other sources of inequality.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 67

Question
Immigrants arriving from countries that are predominately English-speaking and culturally similar to Canada still have patterns of chronic disease that are far different that than of Canadian born.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 68

Question
Approximately one-quarter of First Nations adults aged 25–64 living on reserve have an annual income of less than $5,000.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 69

Question
A number of Canadian studies have found that Asian immigrant women are less likely than other Canadians to use preventive health services such as screening for breast and cervical cancer.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 70

Question
People who have immigrated to Canada within the last 10 years have worse self-rated health status than native-born Canadians.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 71

Question
According to the 2011 National Household Survey, there were over ________ ethnic origins reported by the total population in Canada.
Answer
  • 1,000
  • 26
  • 640
  • 200

Question 72

Question
Cultural safety, an approach to intercultural care that relies on the mutual accommodation of both patients and providers, is a concept that has been endorsed by ________.
Answer
  • the Canadian Medical Association (CMA)
  • the Canadian Nurses Association (CAN)
  • the Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing
  • all of these

Question 73

Question
According to the 2011 National Household Survey, immigrants make up ________ of the Canadian population.
Answer
  • over half
  • just under one-quarter
  • less than one-tenth
  • almost three-quarters

Question 74

Question
Culture tends to determine ________.
Answer
  • whether a person is sensitive to feelings of discomfort
  • how symptoms are perceived and evaluated
  • whether or not the individual decides to seek medical care
  • all of these

Question 75

Question
The health benefits of living in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of others from one's own ethnic group is referred to as ________.
Answer
  • the Chinatown effect
  • the ethnic density effect
  • social exclusion
  • none of these

Question 76

Question
Aboriginal peoples are 14 times more likely than non-Aboriginals to________.
Answer
  • have sickle cell anemia
  • live in a home requiring major repair
  • avoid the use of formal health-care services
  • reach the age of 88

Question 77

Question
The leading causes of death among Aboriginal infants are ________.
Answer
  • diabetes, malnutrition, and heart disease
  • respiratory ailments, infectious diseases, and accidents
  • homicide, neglect, cancer
  • sudden infant death syndrome, diabetes, and heart disease

Question 78

Question
The highest rates of depression in Canada are reported by ________.
Answer
  • Blacks
  • South Asians
  • Aboriginals
  • East Asains

Question 79

Question
In 2006, Aboriginals accounted for ________ of new HIV infections in Canada.
Answer
  • 5.5%
  • 12.5%
  • 25.5%
  • 50.5%

Question 80

Question
An ethnic group is ________.
Answer
  • irrelevant to the study of health and illness
  • a shared set of ideas and beliefs
  • a socially based group that exists within a cultural framework
  • only used to define those who have immigrated to Canada within the past four years
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