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Evolution Final

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chapters 9, 14, 15, 16
Jo O'Bar
Quiz by Jo O'Bar, updated more than 1 year ago
Jo O'Bar
Created by Jo O'Bar over 4 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Which idea is central to the biological species concept?
Answer
  • Vicariance
  • Sexual selection
  • Divergent phenotypes
  • Reproductive isolation
  • Distinct lineages

Question 2

Question
The biological species concept has been widely adopted, but it also has some practical difficulties. Which of the following is not one of these difficulties?
Answer
  • The concept cannot be applied to speciation resulting from polyploidy
  • The concept cannot be applied to extinct species
  • Many populations are allopatric
  • The concept does not apply to clonal organisms
  • Testing reproductive isolation in the lab is not always feasible

Question 3

Question
According to the biological species concept, speciation consists of the evolution of biological barriers to gene flow The two most important forms of such barriers are _______ and ________ barriers
Answer
  • male; female
  • sexual selection; natural selection
  • temporal; spacial
  • prezygotic; postzygotic
  • ecological; evolutionary

Question 4

Question
What type of barrier to gene flow would we be observing if we noted that the offspring of a lion and a tiger (two differnt species) are awkward, gangly beasts that have poor survival in the wild?
Answer
  • Premating barrier
  • Geographic isolation
  • Prezygotic barrier
  • Temporal isolation
  • Postzygotic barrier

Question 5

Question
Imagine that you examine several variable loci from two populations of closely related organisms. Which statement describes a locus that would be a good candidate for a "genomic island of speciation"?
Answer
  • A locus in which the sequence is made similar by gene flow
  • A locus in which natural selection favors the same allele in both populations
  • Loci that differ greatly between the populations, with one allele fixed in one population and another allele nearly fixed in the other
  • An allele at a locus that provides a selective advantage in one population's range, but not the other's
  • A neutrally evolving locus that is variable in both populations

Question 6

Question
Reproductive isolation as a result of Dobzhansky=Muller incompatibility is caused by
Answer
  • reduced fertility of hybrid offspring
  • the inability of organisms from different lineages to fit their genitalia together
  • the lower fitness of hybrids as a result of underdominance
  • the failure of individuals of different lineages to recognize one another as potential mates
  • the inability of two or more loci from different lineages to function well together

Question 7

Question
Most examples of polyploidy speciation involve
Answer
  • plants.
  • mammals.
  • arthropods.
  • prokaryotes.
  • fungi.

Question 8

Question
You collect individuals from different allopatric populations of a leaf=eating beetle. In the laboratory, you conduct mate-choice experiments to assess levels of reproductive isolation among beetles from different populations. Assuming that ecological speciation occurred in the wild, which pattern should you expect?
Answer
  • No reproductive isolation
  • Reproductive isolation that is independent of habitat type
  • More reproductive isolation among populations that share similar habitat
  • Less reproductive isolation among populations that share similar habitats
  • Complete reproductive isolation among all populations

Question 9

Question
Which observation does not provide evidence that sexual selection can be an important cause of speciation?
Answer
  • Rapidly evolving surface proteins on sperm and eggs accelerate gametic isolation.
  • Female crickets respond to songs that have a pulse rate similar to that of their own species.
  • In cichlid fish, the color of males acts as a reproductive barrier between species.
  • Groups of birds with promiscuous mating systems have higher diversity than sister clades have.
  • In many species, recombination rates differ for males and females.

Question 10

Question
Why does reinforcement involve a strengthening of prezygotic, rather than postzygotic, isolation?
Answer
  • The fitness effects the bostzygotic isolation are always much smaller than those of prezygotic isolation.
  • Reinforcement occurs only rarely.
  • Postzygotic isolation has only a minimal evolutionary impact.
  • There is selection for avoidance of investment in offspring that will have low fitness, but there is no benefit to reducing fitness of offspring that have already been produced.
  • Interspecific mating is uncommon.

Question 11

Question
Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation?
Answer
  • Speciation as a result of mating preference by female cichlids within a single African rift lake
  • Reproductive isolation progressively increases in a lizard population with differing habitats on opposite ends of its range
  • Evolution of genetic reproductive barriers between the population of angelfish isolated on either side of the Isthmus of Panama
  • Evolution of genetic reproductive barriers within a single, initially panmictic population of flies that use different host plants
  • Speciation observed in the fossil record, such as during the gradual evolution of fully aquatic whales from a terrestrial ancestor

Question 12

Question
Which observation would be evidence for allopatric speciation among finch species of the Galapagos Islands?
Answer
  • The birds are closely related to birds found on the mainland
  • No pairs of sister species formed on the same island
  • Pairs of sister species can be found on adjacent islands
  • Specific beak sizes are adaptations to the seeds of different species
  • Many different species have been found on various islands

Question 13

Question
Most models of sympatric speciation postulate the existence of
Answer
  • extinction and recolonization of local populations
  • geographical barriers between populations
  • disruptive selection based on resource use
  • high levels of recombination between loci
  • unequal numbers of males and females

Question 14

Question
In North America, hawthorn trees were the ancestral hosts of the apple maggot fly (Rhagoletis pomonella). In the last 150 years, however, cultivated apples have become a host for some populations of R. pomonella. What factor may have allowed the colonization of apples a new host plant, and thus subsequent disruptive selection based on resource use?
Answer
  • Apples and hawthorns are commonly cultivated together in New England
  • Intense pesticide use in some hawthorn-producing regions forced the flies to seek new hosts
  • Apple trees and hawthorns are sister species and thus produce fruit with similar characteristics
  • Hawthorns and apple trees produce fruit at different times in the summer
  • A blight killed hawthorn populations, and small populations of flies were able to adapt to apple use

Question 15

Question
Which mode of speciation involves intermediate levels of gene flow?
Answer
  • Allopatric speciation
  • Sympatric speciation
  • Parapatric speciation
  • Founder effect speciation
  • Cytological divergence

Question 16

Question
How are extinctions related to biodiversity?
Answer
  • the Earth's biodiversity is a result of the relationship between alpha and omega
  • extinctions are less important to biodiversity within a specific geographic area than immigration and emigration
  • extinctions always lead to a decrease in biodiversity because extinctions are negative
  • extinctions can decrease standing diversity but not biodiversity

Question 17

Question
Why is Wallace's Line significant in biogeography?
Answer
  • because Wallace's Line indicates continental barriers to dispersal
  • because Wallace's Line divides two very distinctive faunas that are geographically very close together
  • because Wallace's Line separates Australia from South America
  • Because Wallace's Line divides tow geographic areas whose faunas are almost identical

Question 18

Question
Which of these statements about vicariance is TRUE?
Answer
  • plate tectonics are a primary mechanism of vicariance
  • vicariance led to Australian and South American lineages of marsupials
  • Vicariance prevents dispersal

Question 19

Question
What is the turnover rate in stage B in Figure 14.7?
Answer
  • 20 (34 total species minus 2 that originated and went extinct within the stages minus 4 more extinctions minus 8 more originations)
  • 16 (6 extinctions plus 10 originations)
  • 28 (34 total species minus 6 extinctions)
  • 4 (10 origination's minus 6 extinctions)

Question 20

Question
Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis about the conditions that can lead to adaptive radiations?
Answer
  • adaptive radiations occur as a result of the absence of competitions for ecological resources
  • adaptive reactios occur as a result of island formation
  • adaptive radiations occur as a result of key innovations
  • none of these is a hypothesis about the conditions that can lead to adaptive radiations
  • all are hypotheses about the conditions that can lead to adaptive radiations

Question 21

Question
The typical tempo of extinctions within a particular taxon is called
Answer
  • background extinction
  • mass extinction
  • omega
  • total extinction
  • episodic extinction

Question 22

Question
Can the Big Five extinctions all be attributed to a single cause? If so, what caused them?
Answer
  • Yes. The Big Five extinctions were caused by asteroids that had major impacts on habitats when they hit the Earth.
  • Yes. The Big Five extinctions resulted from plate tectonics that changed the quantity and quality of available habitats.
  • No. The Big Five extinctions were caused by various abiotic and biotic factors that affected different taxa differently.
  • No. The Big Five extinctions resulted from low origination rates that resulted from a variety of biotic factors.
  • No. The Big Five extinctions are statistical anomalies cased by examining families as taxonomic units instead of species.

Question 23

Question
What is speciation?
Answer
  • the process by which new species arise
  • Cladogenesis
  • When lineage splits into two or more lineages

Question 24

Question
Why don't scientists agree on a single definition of species?
Answer
  • because research methods can dictate which definition is most useful
  • because they have no discovered the true definition of a species
  • because different scientists have different philosophies about defining species

Question 25

Question
Why isn't the fossil record a complete record of life on Earth?
Answer
  • Because organisms eat other organisms
  • because conditions have to be just right in order to preserve fossils
  • because wind and rain can erode fossils from the substrate
  • because rock-bearing fossils can be difficult to access

Question 26

Question
Define adaptive radiation
Answer
  • The study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time
  • Wholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. In macroevolutionary studies, this process is considered to be an alternative to lineage splitting or speciation
  • Evolutionary lineages that have undergone exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches

Question 27

Question
Define anagenesis
Answer
  • The study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time
  • Wholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. In macroevoutionary studies, this process is considered to be an alternative to lineage splitting or speciation
  • Evolutionary lineages that have undergone exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches

Question 28

Question
Define background extinction
Answer
  • The normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota
  • A model of evolution that proposes that most species undergo relatively little change for most of their geologic history. These periods of stasis are punctuated by brief periods of rapid morphological change, often associated with speciation events
  • Evolution occurring within populations, including adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Question 29

Question
Define biogeography
Answer
  • the study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time
  • Wholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. In macroevolutionary studies, this process is considered to be an alternative to lineage splitting or speciation
  • Evolutionary lineages that have undergone exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches

Question 30

Question
Define dispersal
Answer
  • The formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the separation of once continuously distributed populations
  • The disappearance (extinction) of some species and their replacement by others (origination) in studies of macroevolution. This rate is the number of species eliminated and replaced per unit of time
  • The movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all

Question 31

Question
Define macroevolution
Answer
  • Evolution occurring above the species level, including the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time
  • A statistically significant departure from background extinction rates that results in a substantial loss of taxonomic diversity
  • The number of species (or other taxonomic unit) present in a particular area at a given time

Question 32

Question
Define mass extinction
Answer
  • Evolution occurring above the species level, including the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time
  • A statistically significant departure from background extinction rates that results in a substantial loss of taxonomic diversity
  • The number of species (or other taxonomic units) present in a particular area at a given time

Question 33

Question
Define microevolution
Answer
  • The normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota
  • A model of evolution that proposes that most species undergo relatively little change for most of their geologic history. These periods of stasis are punctuated by brief periods of rapid morphological change, often associated with speciation events
  • Evolution occurring within populations, including adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Question 34

Question
Define punctuated equilibria
Answer
  • The normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota
  • A model of evolution that proposes that most species undergo relatively little change for most of their geologic history. These periods of stasis are punctuated by brief periods of rapid morphological change, often associated with speciation events
  • Evolution occurring within populations, including adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Question 35

Question
Define standing diversity
Answer
  • Evolution occurring above the species level, including the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time
  • A statistically significant departure from background extinction rates that results in a substantial loss of taxonomic diversity
  • The number of species (or other taxonomic unit) present in a particular area at a given time

Question 36

Question
Define turnover
Answer
  • The formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the separation of once continuously distributed populations
  • The disappearance (extinction) of some species and their replacement by others (origination) in studies of macroevolution. This rate is the number of species eliminated and replaced per unit of time
  • The movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all

Question 37

Question
Define vicariance
Answer
  • The formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the separation of once continuously distributed populations
  • The disappearance (extinction) of some species and their replacement by others (origination) in studies of macroevolution. This rate is the number of species eliminated and replaced per unit of time
  • The movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all

Question 38

Question
What is a turnover rate?
Answer
  • the number of origins and extinctions in a given interval of time
  • the number of species present in a particular area at a given time
  • alpha minus omega divided by alpha
  • origination's minus extinctions
  • extinctions minus origination's

Question 39

Question
Which of the following statements about biogeography is FALSE?
Answer
  • biogeography is study of the distribution of species across space and time
  • Alfred Russel Wallace was responsible for many early ideas about biogeography
  • Darwin did not believe in vicariance
  • the discovery of place tectonics provided a new line of evidence for patterns in biogeography

Question 40

Question
Studying the Earth's biodiversity over time is not a straightforward scientific process. Which of the following is NOT a problem for macroevolutinary studies?
Answer
  • fossil-bearing rocks differ in area and volume exposed masking complex geographical patterns of biodiversity
  • patterns observed in the fossil record cannot be tested using statistical methods
  • groups in the fossil record used to study species diversity over time may not be monophyletic
  • scientists often must use taxonomic units other than species, and these higher-order taxa are not necessarily comparable
  • all of the above are problems for macroevolutionary studies

Question 41

Question
Punctuated equilibria is a hypothesis about the evolution of species. According to this hypothesis, why should macroevolutionary biologists expect abrupt breaks in the fossil record?
Answer
  • because the process that form fossils are inconsistent through time, so there will always be gaps in the record
  • because significant changes in phenotypes may occur within small isolated populations on the fringes of a species' range, leading to rapid speciation and little fossil evidence
  • because speices are defined as substantial morphological shifts within the fossil record
  • macroevolutionary biologists should not expect abrupt breaks in the fossil record, because entire populations transform from one form to another in a process called anagenesis
  • macroevolutionary biologists should not expect abrupt breaks in the fossil record. They should expect to find enough fossils to demonstrate a smooth transition from one species to another over time

Question 42

Question
What key innovation led to an adaptive radiation of insects?
Answer
  • evolution of flowering plants
  • jointed exoskeletons
  • wings
  • complex eyes
  • predators that changed the fitness landscape

Question 43

Question
Which of the following statements about the Cambrian Explosion is FALSE?
Answer
  • changing oxygen levels in the Earth's oceans may have created ecological opportunities that organisms were able to exploit
  • the emergence of the genetic toolkit may have allowed the evolution of new developmental pathways leading to a diversity of body forms
  • the Cambrian Explosion was not really an explosion because the complex body plans of animal taxa evolved from precursors -- they did not simply appear
  • the sudden appearance of sponges marks the beginning of the Cambrian Explosion
  • Molecular clocks indicate that the common ancestor of all animals lived about 800 million years ago

Question 44

Question
How are mass extinctions defined?
Answer
  • as a statistical departure from background extinction rates
  • as any large number of species that disappears at a point in the stratigraphic column
  • as the extinction of many species in a short period of time
  • as the extinction of many species in a short period of time minus Lazarus, Elvis, and Zombie taxa

Question 45

Question
Why do scientists argue that climate change may be leading to a mass extinction (Figure 14.21)?
Answer
  • because according to models incorporating a variety of scenarios, projected temperatures could rise 2-3 times temperatures observed in 2000
  • because four of the big five mass extinctions were related to climate changes
  • because the average temperature has increased by 0.8 in the last 80 years
  • because although carbon dioxide concentrations clearly cycle, in the last 100 years they have become 100 parts per million greater than the highest concentrations recorded for the last 600,000 years
  • all answers are correct

Question 46

Question
What are the key conditions necessary for the change in beak lengths in soapberry bugs across Australia?
Answer
  • Greater good resources provided by large balloon vine fruits, opportunity to feed on balloon vines, and ability to reproduce as a result of better food
  • variation among individuals that is heritable and leads to differential survival or reproduction
  • need for a food resource, and long periods of time
  • a length of association between soapberry bugs and balloon viruses similar to their native fruits

Question 47

Question
Which of these statements about the virulence of rabbit myxoma virus is TRUE?
Answer
  • Rabbit myxoma virus needed to become less virulent so it could coexist with its rabbit hosts
  • Directional selection favored a coevolutionary escalation where resistance evolved in rabbits and less virulence evolved in the virus
  • Rabbit myxoma virus became less virulent over time because natural selection favored strains that did not immediately kill the rabbit hosts, enhancing the likelihood of spreading and infecting other rabbits
  • none of these statements are true
  • all of these statements are true

Question 48

Question
What condition(s) is/are necessary for the development of both antagonistic and mutualistic coevolutionary relationships?
Answer
  • intimate pairwise interactions with one or more species
  • the agents of selection that are relevant to the populations must evolve
  • frequency-dependent selection

Question 49

Question
Which of the following is NOT an example of diversifying coevolution
Answer
  • rough-skinned newts with toxins that only garter snakes can tolerate
  • ants that affect the survival and dispersal of flowering plant seeds that have elaiosomes
  • different populations of a lowering plant that favor different tongue lengths of their moth pollinator
  • pinecones that vary across regions in the thickness of their scales depending on whether squirrel predators are present or not

Question 50

Question
If an evolutionary biologist hypothesized that a lineage of bacteria experienced a coevolutionary arms race with its hosts, what prediction(s) might she or he make about its evolutionary history?
Answer
  • that the lineage of bacteria was older than the lineage of the host
  • that the lineage of the host was older than the lineage of bacteria
  • that natural selection was negative frequency dependent
  • that the patterns of speciation events of the bacteria lineage would match closely with the patterns of speciaiton events of the host lineage

Question 51

Question
What evidence did Nancy Moran use to support her hypothesis about the evolution of the endosymbionts inside the aster leafhopper?
Answer
  • she compared phylogenies of the endosymbionts and their insect hosts and found the patterns of lineages were closely matched
  • she used fossils of sap-feeding insects with known ages to establish time frames for the endosymbiotic relationships
  • she compared the molecular phylogenies of two endosymbionts, Nasuia and Sulcia, and found similar patterns in their lineage
  • she used all of this evidence to support her hypothesis

Question 52

Question
Why do you think different people carry slightly different versions of the same retrovirus segment in their DNA?
Answer
  • because after the virus invaded the human common ancestor, different versions evolved in different lineages of humans
  • because the genomes for every human cell is different
  • because that are almost 100,000 fragments of endogenous retroviral DNA in the human genome, and scientists can't tease them apart very easily
  • because retroviruses became mobile genetics elements in the human genomes that can insert themselves anywhere in the genome
  • because after the virus invaded the human common ancestor, variants that could replicate in somatic cells fared better than those that could replicate in somatic cells fared better than those that could replicate only in germ-line cells

Question 53

Question
Which of the following statements are depicted by this phylogeny (pg 216)?
Answer
  • otters (Lutrinae) evolved from martins (Martes group)
  • the ancestors of otters became gradually more "otter-like" over time
  • Living otters represent the end of lineage of animals whose common ancestor was wolf-like
  • otters share a common ancestor with Odobenidae (walruses)
  • all of the above are depicted by this phylogeny

Question 54

Question
What is a species?
Answer
  • groups of actually (or potentially) interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
  • the smallest possible groups whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess defining or derived characteristics that distinguish them from other such groups
  • metapopulations of organisms that exchange alleles frequently enough that they comprise the same gene pool, and therefore, the same evolutionary lineage
  • all are valid definitions of a species
  • scientists don't know what a species actually is

Question 55

Question
What is a mobile genetic element?
Answer
  • a bacterium or viral parasite
  • a gene with no known function
  • types of DNA that can move around in the genome
  • noncoding sections of DNA that function in alternative splicing

Question 56

Question
What is the definition of Batesian mimicry?
Answer
  • Mutualistic organisms that live within the body or cells of another organism
  • Selection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with one another. This process is the critical prerequisite of coevolution
  • Occurs when harmless species resemble harmful or distasteful species, deriving protection from predators in the process

Question 57

Question
What is the definition of coevolution?
Answer
  • Reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection
  • An RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. The virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one type
  • An increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners

Question 58

Question
What is the definition of coevolutionary escalation or coevolutionary arms race?
Answer
  • A theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution. The direction and intensity of coevolution varies from population to population and coevolved genes from these populations mix together as a result of gene flow
  • This occurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent
  • Occurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators

Question 59

Question
What is the definition of diversifying coevolution?
Answer
  • Reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection
  • An RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. The virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one type
  • An increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners

Question 60

Question
What is the definition of endosymbionts?
Answer
  • Mutualistic organisms that live within the body or cells of another organism
  • Selection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with one another. This process is the critical prerequisite of coevolution
  • Occurs when harmless species resemble harmful or distasteful species, deriving protection from predators in the process

Question 61

Question
What is the definition of the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution?
Answer
  • A theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution. The direction and intensity of coevolution varies from population to population, and coevolved genes from these populations mix together as a result of gene flow
  • Occurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent
  • Occurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators

Question 62

Question
What is the definition of Mullerian mimicry?
Answer
  • A theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution. The direction and intensity of coevolution varies from population to population, and coevolved genes from these populations mix together as a result of gene flow
  • Occurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent
  • Occurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators

Question 63

Question
What is the definition of reciprocal selection?
Answer
  • describes selection that occurs in two species, due to their interaction with one another. It is the clinical prerequisite of coevolution.
  • Occurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent
  • Occurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators

Question 64

Question
What is the definition of retrovirus?
Answer
  • Reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection
  • An RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. The virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one type.
  • An increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners

Question 65

Question
What is coevolution?
Answer
  • when one species needs to change because another species that it depends on changed
  • when two or more species interact, and each acts as an agent of selection causing evolution of the other
  • evolutionary changes that are shared among two or more species, such as wings
  • evolutionary changes among two or more species that are complementary, so that all species benefit
  • all of these answers are correct

Question 66

Question
What is the difference between positive mutualism and positive commensalism?
Answer
  • positive mutualism occurs when the fitness outcomes for all interacting species are high; positive commensalism occurs when the fitness outcomes some species are high, but others realize no fitness concepts
  • positive mutualism occurs when some interacting species benefit from the relationship and others do not; positive commensalism occurs when only one of the interacting species benefits
  • positive mutualism leads to coevolutionary of all interacting species; positive commensalism benefits come species but it does not lead to coevolution
  • natural selection always favors positive mutualism because all interacting species shave higher fitness because of the relationship; it does not favor positive commensalism because only one of the interacting species has a higher fitness
  • positive mutualism does not lead to coevolution because all the interacting species benefit from the current relationship; positive commensalism leads to coevolution because some of the interacting species benefit, so the others need to evolve to benefit as well

Question 67

Question
According to figure 15.11, which of the following statements about newt toxicity and snake resistance?
Answer
  • among snake populations with low resistance do not affect the evolution of toxicity in newts
  • snakes with extremely high resistance do not affect the evolution of toxicity in newts
  • within locations, snakes vary in their ability to resist the toxin

Question 68

Question
How do the data pretend in Figure 15.18 support the idea that red crossbills may be diversifying as a result of their coevolutionary arms race with pine trees?
Answer
  • figure 15.18A shows trajectories of beak depth over time and the probability of survival (left) associated with feeding efficiency (right), and therefore that speciation will occur as populations with shallow bills diverge from populations with deep bills
  • figure 15.18A (right) and 15.18B show that fitness is greatest in both species when bill depth is slightly larger (4mm) than scale thickness so that birds with shallower or deeper bills than that optimum size will have to specialize on smaller or larger scales, and the populations will diverge
  • figure 15.18A (left) and 15.18C show that variation in bill depth within the population of red crossbills is less than variation within the species and these differences may lead to cladogenesis
  • figure 15.18C shows that within an area, scale thickness varies among pine species, and natural selection will favor different bill depths, maintaining the variation within crossbills
  • all of these statements are true

Question 69

Question
What did Sandra Anderson and her colleagues demonstrate by manually pollinating the flowers of the native Rhadbothamnus solandri on mainland New Zeeland?
Answer
  • that mainland flowers could produce more fruit than island flowers
  • that mainland flower was not naturally producing much fruit, even though they were capable of producing much more
  • that within island populations, Rhabdothamnus solandri flowers were producing fruit at near maximum levels
  • that the diversity of pollinators was higher on the mainland
  • all of these are true statements

Question 70

Question
If an evolutionary biologist hypothesized that a lineage of bacteria evolved because of a coevolutionary arms race with its hosts, what prediction(s) might s/he make about their evolutionary history?
Answer
  • that the lineage of bacteria was older than the lineage of the host
  • that the lineage of the host was older than the lineage of bacteria
  • that natural selection was negative frequency-dependent
  • that the patterns of speciation events of the bacteria lineage would match closely with the patterns of speciation events of the host lineage

Question 71

Question
How certain are scientists about the origin of mitochondria?
Answer
  • not very certain. Scientists are still gathering evidence for the beginning of the coevolutionary relationship.
  • Not very certain. Scientists have not been able to compare the phylogenies of all eukaryotes with the lineage of SAR11, so they cannot draw any conclusions about the beginning of the coevolutionary relationship
  • fairly certain. scientists use the weight of evidence to support or refute hypotheses, and the current evidence supports an origin early in the evolution of eukaryotes
  • fairly certain. substantial evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria were once free-living, oxygen-consuming bacteria, but they are still gathering evidence for the beginning of the coevolutionary relationship

Question 72

Question
What is a retrovirus?
Answer
  • a virus that is fairly old
  • an RNA virus that uses an enzyme to become part of the host cells' DNA
  • a virus that has been resurrected from extrication
  • a virus that only replicates using DNA

Question 73

Question
Which of the following statements about natural selection is FALSE?
Answer
  • the strength and the direction of natural selection can vary across space
  • the strength and the direction of natural selection can change over time
  • the strength and the direction of natural selection can vary among species within a coevolutionary relationship
  • natural selection does not vary in strength or direction
  • none of the above is a false statement about natural selection

Question 74

Question
Mullerian mimicry can be considered:
Answer
  • convergent evolution
  • coevolution
  • speciation

Question 75

Question
Rapid extinction of a group of species can result when:
Answer
  • species are in antagonistic coevolutionary relationships
  • alleles are swept to fixation
  • species are in mutualistic coevolutionary relationships
  • selection favors highly virulent strains of a virus
  • none of the above
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