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Marine Biodiversity and Conservation

Description

Study guide on Marine Biodiversity for Marine Vertebrates
Jo O'Bar
Quiz by Jo O'Bar, updated more than 1 year ago
Jo O'Bar
Created by Jo O'Bar about 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
[blank_start]Biodiversity[blank_end]: complete range of species and biological communities, as well as genetic variation within species and all ecosystem processes [blank_start]Species Diversity[blank_end]: all species on Earth, from single celled bacteria to multicellular kingdoms [blank_start]Genetic Diversity[blank_end]: genetic variation within species, both amoung geographically disparate populations and among individuals within a single population [blank_start]Ecosystem Diversity[blank_end]: the different biological communities and their associates with the chemical and physical environment
Answer
  • Biodiversity
  • Species Diversity
  • Genetic Diversity
  • Ecosystem Diversity

Question 2

Question
Species are generally defined in 3 ways:
Answer
  • morphologically
  • biologically
  • evolutionarily
  • chemically

Question 3

Question
The most diverse places on Earth include:
Answer
  • tropical rainforests
  • coral reefs and deep sea
  • mediterranean-type communities
  • bay communities
  • open ocean

Question 4

Question
We are currentlyin the sixth major extinction event in Earth's history.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 5

Question
Distribution and structure of terrestrial biodiversity lagged behind marine and freshwater ecosystems.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 6

Question
What are the assumptions of a 2-factor CRD?
Answer
  • Independence of cells
  • Randomly Drawn Individuals in cells
  • HOV of the cells
  • Normality of the cells
  • Additivity of the cells
  • Multiplicity of the cells
  • Normality of measurement units
  • Independence of measurement units
  • HOV of measurement units

Question 7

Question
Biodiversity measures: [blank_start]Species richness[blank_end] (S) [blank_start]Shannon Diversity[blank_end] (H') [blank_start]Rao's quadratic entropy index[blank_end] (Q)
Answer
  • Species richness
  • Shannon Diversity
  • Rao's quadratic entropy index

Question 8

Question
Biodiversity hospots:
Answer
  • places with exceptional concentrations of endiemic species
  • hydrothermal vents, where there is high diversity

Question 9

Question
Ecological processes that drive biodiversity:
Answer
  • reproduction
  • growth
  • recruitment
  • vagile species
  • agile species
  • no apex predators

Question 10

Question
How do you quantify species richness?
Answer
  • Sum of species of a particular taxonomic grouping within an area of interest (S)
  • Sum of number of species and their abundances of a particular taxonomic group with an area of interest (H')

Question 11

Question
How do you quantify species diversity?
Answer
  • Sum of number of species and their abundances of a particular taxonomic group with an area of interest (H')
  • Sum of species of a particular taxonomic grouping within an area of interest (S)

Question 12

Question
Conservation is concerned with:
Answer
  • loss of biodiversity on every scale
  • phylogeny and classification
  • diversity of species

Question 13

Question
____________ is the change in how a system is measured against a previous reference point, which may themselves represent a significant change from an earlier state of the system
Answer
  • Shifting Baseline Syndrome
  • Shifting Outlook Syndrome
  • Changing Baseline Syndrome
  • Changing Outlook Syndrome

Question 14

Question
In the [blank_start]11th[blank_end] century, England switched from [blank_start]freshwater[blank_end] to [blank_start]saltwater[blank_end] fishing. this was due both to the depletion of [blank_start]freshwater[blank_end] species and the development of new fishing [blank_start]technology[blank_end], such as better nets and boats.
Answer
  • 11th
  • 10th
  • 12th
  • 14th
  • freshwater
  • saltwater
  • saltwater
  • freshwater
  • freshwater
  • saltwater
  • technology
  • locations

Question 15

Question
Humans have profoundly affected marine wildlife, altering function and provisioning of services in every ocean
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 16

Question
Current ocean trends coupled with terrestrial defaunation lessons suggest marine defaunation rates will rapidly [blank_start]intensify[blank_end] as human use of oceans industrializes
Answer
  • intensify
  • decrease

Question 17

Question
Marine defaunation has gone too far for the ocean to recover.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
What is the allee effect?
Answer
  • inverse density-dependence or depensation
  • increases in population density result in increased per capita population growth
  • increases in population density result in decreased per capita population growth
  • low population density, after some threshold density, population growth will decrese

Question 19

Question
Major causes of biodiversity loss include...
Answer
  • overhunting/overexploitation
  • introduced species
  • chains of extinctions
  • habitat destruction
  • climate change
  • extinction synergies
  • natural apex predators

Question 20

Question
Overfishing results in...
Answer
  • reduced abundance
  • fisheries induced evolution
  • recruitment variability
  • overly-aggressive fish

Question 21

Question
Examples of Fisheries-induced evolution include...
Answer
  • reduced size
  • growth rates
  • reduced fecundity
  • earlier age- and size-at-maturity
  • later age-and size-at-maturity
  • increased size

Question 22

Question
What is the maximum sustainable yield?
Answer
  • Theoretical
  • maximum yield that can be taken from specific fish stock over an indefinite period of time
  • under constant environmental conditions
  • maximum yield that can be taken from specific fish stock of a definite period of time
  • precautionary principle used to justify discretionary decisions
  • principle used to quantify exact number of fish in the sea

Question 23

Question
Invasive species:
Answer
  • increase competition and predation
  • create trophic cascades
  • are usually great for the ecosystem
  • are usually detrimental for the ecosystem
  • modify ecosystem and habitat
  • decrease competition and predation

Question 24

Question
Soft sediment is important because...
Answer
  • largest habitat in the ocean
  • high biodiversity
  • highly productive
  • low biodiversity
  • little productivity

Question 25

Question
Soft sediment restoration is mainly happening by
Answer
  • reducing fishing pressure
  • increasing fishing pressure
  • stricter boating rules to reduce trawl damage
  • looser boating rules to increase trawl damage

Question 26

Question
Trophic cascades occur in two directions: [blank_start]bottom-up[blank_end] (foundation species) and [blank_start]top-bottom[blank_end] (predator release).
Answer
  • bottom-up
  • top-bottom
  • top-bottom
  • bottom-top
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