Geography: tourism

tourists are people who travel to other places for pleasure
1. money spent by tourists adds to the wealth of that certain country (economic growth).
2. tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world
  1. In 2010, a total of 935 million people travelled to another country as tourists. This has increased from just 25 million in 1950.
  2. why is tourism one of the fastest growing industries?
    1. people have more disposable income - deposable income is money left over after you have bought essentials
    2. people in general have more holidays now .in 1950 people only had two weeks off work but now we have usually , four to six weeks
    3. travel is easier, more people have cars and roads are better quality to drive on the ever before
    4. travelling today is much quicker. Motorways and aircraft have helped reduce the time it takes to get to different countries. Travelling by air has become more accessible as you can book on line and choose more budget options.
      1. technoligy also allows there to be much more advertisement through tv and general websites on the computer, this awareness increases people's expectations
    5. package holidays have become very popular
    6. wider range of place to go
    7. there is more understanding of more places and children learn about different places at school
    8. our ageing population means that more people are retiring and then have much more free time to travel
    9. more countries have invest in lots of facilities based for tourists like : hotels and more airports
different types of tourism
1. eco tourism -
  1. small numbers of people go trekking in the Amazon rainforest or on whale and dolphin conservation holidays in Scotland. This type of tourism is designed to be sustainable.
    1. Sustainable tourism provides tourism opportunities for visitors and jobs for locals while protecting the environment and culture from damaging change. This means that in the future, people will continue to enjoy and benefit from them.
  2. Ecotourism encourages visitors to a country to leave a small carbon footprint, to the benefit of local communities and environments. It has become an increasingly popular option for many people.
    1. a carbon footprint is the mark that you leave on the world environmentally
  3. Ecotourism is a type of sustainable development, which tries to minimise the negative impacts of tourism.
    1. guidelines for eco tourists
      1. protect the environment by keeping to footpaths and don't litter or start fires
      2. dont interfere with wildlife- don't feed or scare any animals unless devised by a tour guide to feed them
      3. protect resources - don't take too many showers or use heating or air conditioning
      4. support local communities- stay in locally owned accommodation and buy locally produced products.
      5. eat local food and drinks - avoid eating food that have been imported from MEDC countries oand avoid eating at chains
      6. respect their custom and tradition - don't behave disrespectfully in what you wear
  4. ensures that tourism doesn't exploit the natural environment or the community
2. beach holidays
3. outdoor adventure
4. cultural/historic
some places such as the carribean have tourism as their man income
key word : infrastructure -the basic structures need for an area to function for example roads and communication
1. tourism can help a countries economy and infrastructure
the growth of tourism
1. In 2010, 940 million people were recorded as arriving in a country from abroad because of tourism. This is worth $919 billion dollars, making tourism one of the world's largest industries. (Source: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO))
2. The areas which are growing most quickly from tourism are Asia and the Middle East.
Tourism is an important contributor to many countries' economies but it can have negative impacts unless it is properly managed, and the conflicting needs of interest groups are balanced. LEDCs in particular can become dependent on tourism, which is dangerous if the tourists suddenly stop coming.
1. attractions for tourists
  1. human resources are the attractions in a country which are man made
    1. Types of man-made tourist attractions in the UK include: art architecture cultural monuments museums local traditions food and drink music and drama important historical or political sites
      1. an example of a historical site abroad is robyn island
    2. the eiffel tower
      1. cultural atraction
  2. physical resources are the tourist attractions which have been environmentally made
    1. beaches
    2. golden gate bridge
    3. the hollywood sign
    4. the grand canyon
2. LEDSs are countries which are less developed and this stands for less economically developed country such as gross domestic product and these countries rely much more on tourism
  1. gross domestic product is the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.
  2. LEDC countries are often attractions for MEDC's
    1. Governments in LEDCs often see tourism as a vital source of income, which can be used for development, but tourism can create problems for host countries.
      1. laces such as Kenya in East Africa, where tourists go on safari, or Bali in Indonesia, visited for its beautiful beaches, all benefit financially from tourism. However, tourism in LEDCs needs to be carefully managed to prevent harm to the environment and disruption to local communities.
    2. Tour operators and developers invest in these locations in the hope that they will become as popular as European resorts.
tourism brings a lot of jobs and helps educate about local culture
tourist development
1. Butler developed a model which shows how any tourist resort may grow. A resort may start off from being a small, low key, destination. He suggests that all resorts go through the same sort of process.
  1. there are seven stages according to Butler
    1. 1.exploration
      1. 2.involvement
        3.development
        4.consolidation
        5.stagnation
        the facilities for tourists may decline as they become old and run down which means the amount of tourists can also decrease.
        after stage five the place either hits rejuvenation or decline
        rejuvenation
        investment and modernisation usually occur which increase the tourism level again
        decline
        if not rejuvenated the tourism in that place will decline which means that people would lose their jobs if they re to do with tourism
        the area continues to attract tourists but doesnt attract as many tourists as before. some tensions start to develop between the host and the tourists
        the host country starts to develop and give the area advertisement and the area starts to have recognition fort being a tourist area
        the local people start creating and providing facilities for tourists and there starts to be a recognition for tourist season
      2. a minimum amount of tourists explore the area. the area is unspoilt and few tourist facilities exist
    2. generalisation- not all resorts will go through this process
  2. advantages of LEDC countries
    1. Foreign currency spent by tourists can be invested in improving local education, health and other services
      1. Jobs for local people are created and people can learn new skills in tourism services.
        Construction creates jobs and develops skills for local people.
        Local infrastructure is improved as water and sanitation facilities, roads, buses, taxis and airports are provided for tourists.
        Visitors get an insight into local customs and traditions.
    2. problems of LEDC countries
      1. Profits go to foreign companies, such as tour operators and hotel chains, rather than to the local community.
      2. Foreign companies may bring foreign workers to do the skilled jobs; so local people only do low skilled, poorly paid work.
      3. House prices rise when foreign companies and investors buy property for hotels and holiday homes. This often makes houses too expensive for locals.
      4. House prices rise when foreign companies and investors buy property for hotels and holiday homes. This often makes houses too expensive for locals.
      5. House prices rise when foreign companies and investors buy property for hotels and holiday homes. This often makes houses too expensive for locals.
      6. Important projects for local communities might be sidelined as infrastructure developments are focused on tourists.
      7. If the aim of activities is to entertain, rather than educate tourists, this may belittle the local people.
      8. Pollution and disruption to wildlife habitats could occur if tourism isn't sustainable.
    3. case study of an LEDC country in Serengeti
      1. The Serengeti is especially popular for safari holidays, which give tourists a chance to observe the annual migration of the wildebeest and zebra.
      2. positive impacts of tourism in serengeti
        tourism has generated jobs which highly improves the living standard for local communtities
        negative impacts from tourism
        environmental damage- the roads and jeeps fro the safari can erode grass, damaging plants and animals and disturbing the local habitat. the removal of trees and other vegetations for the road for safari in serengati can lead to soil erosion
        inequality - often the profit from tourism are taken by wealthy landowners or the hotel and travel countries in MEDCs
        the loss of their tradition and culture : the way of life in serengati means that their traditional farming method has been disrupted by the national park
        water cycle damage- diverting or giving out water to tourists can exploit and get rid of local water reserves leaving local people short of water and the animals and plants also short pod water. tourist hotels sometimes dump dirty water in the river
        conservation - tourism has supplied the economic incentive to set up conservation parks and rational parks in areas which protect wildlife
        roads airports and other facilities have been built (infrastructure)
        investment - profits form other tourism have been invested in education and other programmes for the communities there
tourism in the Uk national parks
1. In 1949 the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act was passed in order to protect the UK's areas of natural beauty and ensure that everyone could enjoy them today and in the future.
  1. sustainable law
  2. lake district national park
    1. The Lake District National Park was created in 1951. Covering 880 square miles, it is the UK's largest national park and receives 12 million visitors a year. People come to the Lake District for many reasons, including hill walking, rock climbing, mountain biking, fishing and boating. They also come to visit historical buildings, or just to enjoy the beautiful lakes and mountains.
      1. the park is managed by the national parks authority which trys to balance the conflicting priorities of different park users
        the protection of the parks environment :wildlife and natural features. these things can be harmed by large amounts of tourism , this is not only the authorities job but also powered a lot by nature groups.
        Farmers, who may be concerned about damage to fences and livestock by walkers and their dogs.
        Local residents, who may be worried about congestion, littering, noise pollution and the erosion of footpaths.
        if all these factors are not balance it my result in damaging the environment,upsetting local people , and tourists being put offf going to the park
      2. Tourists who come to enjoy the park need roads, parking, accommodation, shops and restaurants which are not necessarily going to be good for the countryside.
      3. Local businesses may want to encourage more and more visitors
2. There are currently 12 national parks across England and Wales, including Dartmoor, the New Forest, the Lake District, the Peak District, the Yorkshire Dales and Snowdonia.

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