Reproduction

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First year Genetics & Society (Reproduction) Mind Map on Reproduction, created by clairegillian95 on 03/04/2014.
clairegillian95
Mind Map by clairegillian95, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by clairegillian95 over 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Reproduction
  1. Male Reproductive System
    1. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes
      1. The stages of spermatogenesis occur in the seminiferous tubule
        1. The lumen of the seminiferous tubule contains the mature spermatozoa
    2. Oogenesis in Females
      1. Unequal cytokinesis occurs in oogenesis
        1. Typically completed in ovary
        2. Steps leading to implantation of an embryo in the nucleus
          1. 1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) cause follicles to enlarge and mature
            1. 2. Follicle cells produce estrogen which causes the endometrium of the uterus to thicken
              1. Uterus
                1. Endometrium: thickens and is shed in the menses
                  1. Myometrium: smooth muscle layer
                  2. 3. Primary oocyte completes meiosis I and begins meiosis II
                    1. 4. LH surge causes ovulation. Secondary oocyte (metaphase II) moves into the fallopian tube
                      1. 5. Ruptured follicle or corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones cause the uterine lining to thicken
                        1. 6. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes.
                          1. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and uterine lining is shed
                            1. 7. After fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II
                              1. 8. Ootid matures into an ovum
                                1. 9. Fusion of the male pronucleus with the female pronucleus - 2N zygote
                                  1. 10. Corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone to keep the endometrium thick and ready for implantation
                                    1. 11. Zygote divides mitotically as it travels to the uterus
                                      1. 12. Embryo implants into the endometrium of the uterus
                                        1. 13. The embryo produces the hormone choriogonadotropin which maintains the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum produces high quantities of progesterone to maintain the endometrium
                                          1. 14. Formation of the placenta
                                            1. Chorio-allantoic membrane of foetus + endometrium of mother
                                              1. Site of oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange; nutrient/waste exchange; hormone production
                  3. Prenatal Diagnosis
                    1. Indications for Prenatal Diagnosis
                      1. Family history of a genetic disease; ethnic background with known risk; paternal or maternal disease; adverse outcome of previous pregnancy; maternal age; exposure to teratogens, radiation, etc.
                      2. Can provide information on: chromosomal abnormalities, protein levels (enzymes or structural proteins), identification of a specific mutation through DNA analysis, other metabolite levels
                        1. Ultrasound
                          1. Accurate date of pregnancy, multiple gestations, size & position of placenta, amount of amniotic fluid, some internal abnormalities and skeletal defects can be seen, foetal sex, foetal growth and development
                          2. Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS)
                            1. Tiny pieces of chorionic villi removed and villi cells are cultured
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