Essentials of Tourism

1. The History of Tourism
2. Leiper's Model 1979

   Annotations:

   • 1. Tourist  2. Geographical elements 3. the tourism sector
3. Demand and Supply

   Annotations:

   • Tourism satellite account
4. Push and Pull
5. The Tourist flow

   Annotations:

   • push and pull williams and zelinsky distances between countries connectivity between countries general attractiveness
6. Tourists

   Annotations:

   • classiffy Tourist.  1. domestic, international 2. inclusice tour, independent, tailor-mafe. 3. long or short haul 4. leisure, business, other. 
7. The Tourist Experience

1. 4 common features of most destinations

   Annotations:

   • Amalgams Multiple use inseperability cultural appraisals Amalsgams 1 attractions 2. amenities 3. acess - transport, roads and sea4.  ancillary services - local organisations
2. Infrastructure

   Annotations:

   • superstructure
3. Destination Stakeholders

   Annotations:

   • The host community  Tourists The tourism industry The public sector Other stakeholders (f.x. pressure groups)
4. The Sustainable Destination

   Annotations:

   • carrying capacity destination management strategic planning
   1. Carrying Capacity

      Annotations:

      • Socially Physically Physologically Biologica
   2. Destination Management

      Annotations:

      • Development planning marketing management
   3. Strategic Planning
5. The Competitive Destination

   Annotations:

   • Richie and Crouch  7 key components 1. core resources and attractions 2. supporting factors and resources 3. qualifying and amplifying determinants or situational conditioners  4. destination policy, planning and development 5. destination management 6. comparative vs. competitive advantages 7. global vs competitive environment macro & micro
   1. 7 key Ritchie and Crouch

      Annotations:

      • core resources and attractions supporting factors and resources  qualifying and amplifying determinants destination policy, planning and development destination management comparative versus competitive advantages global versus competitive enivironment
6. The Evolving Destination
   1. TALC

      Annotations:

      • exploration stage butlers destination life sycleinvolvement stagedevelopment stageconsolidation stagestagnation stagedecline stagerejuvenation stage

1. The Supply Side of Tourism
2. The Demand Side of Tourism
3. Measures of Demand

   Annotations:

   • volume statistics value (expenditure) statistics visitor profile statistics
4. Tourism Multiplier

   Annotations:

   • indirect effect direct effect induced effects The economic self-suffieciency of the destination
5. Income

   Annotations:

   • Commodities, accomodation, food important and exports on goods interests, profits, foreign investments fares for carriers money transfer capital goods
6. Employment
7. The Economic cost of Tourism

   Annotations:

   • opportunity cost overdependence/lack of diversity inflation and externalities
8. Tourism Satellite Account

   Annotations:

   • measurements tourism GDP tourism ranking compared to other economic sectors the number of jobs created the amount of tourism investment tax revenues genereated by the industry touism consumption tourism impact on natioanls balance of payments characteristics of human resources

1. The International Ecotourism Society (TIES)
2. Consequences of Tourism for the Environment
   1. Positive/ Mutual Benefits

      Annotations:

      • COnservation Environmental education built environment
      1. Conservation
      2. Environmental education
      3. the built environment
   2. Negative/Conflict

      Annotations:

      • flora, fauna, water supply quality, land use, energy, built environment
      1. Climate Change

         Annotations:

         • Global warming deplation of the ozone layer addressing the climate change 1. carbon offset 2. mitigate 3. adapt
      2. Water supply and quality

         Annotations:

         • Tourist activity can have an adverse effect on water quality pump waste, litter, detergents in the water/sea movement of boats and jet skis petrol and oil break down into the water
      3. Land use

         Annotations:

         • The use of land for tourism take away from Agricultural production
      4. Energy
      5. The built environment

         Annotations:

         • poor design traffic management fail to use local design principles architectural pollution local population is often segreated into other part of the town
      6. Flora and Fauna
3. Environmental Impact Assessment and Auditing
   1. EIA

      Annotations:

      • Environmental impact assessment takes place before a development is begun and during its Construction US policy - late 1960¨s 1. identify all impacts of a development, including secondary ones 2. measure the relevant cariables, their magnitude 3. interpret the findings 4. communicate findings to all stakeholders in a clear non-tecnhical style tick box method
   2. EA

      Annotations:

      • Environmental auditing takes Place during Construction management tool providing a systematic, regular, objective evaluation of the environmental performance of a tourism prganisation, plant, building process or product

Annotations:

• Understanding the role of the Tourist, the host and the encounter an awareness of the importance of the concept of the demonstration effect an appreciation of the theoretical framworks dveloped to understand the relationship between hosts and guests an understanding of the consequences of tourism for host societies awareness of the process and result of cultural change brought about tourism

1. Hosts

   Annotations:

   • the host perception of the Tourists depend upon 3 factors: 1. the level of development of tourism 2. the number and types of Tourists 3. the pace of tourism development
2. The encounter
   1. The demonstration effect

      Annotations:

      • Tourists often demonstrate to the host that they are different by their dress, behaviour, manners and language and come from a Culture which the host should aspire to
   2. Doxey's model

      Annotations:

      • The level of euphoria the level of apathy the level of irritation the level of antagonism the final level
   3. Attitudinal model

      Annotations:

      • various opinions Active - passive positive - negative favorable: aggressice promotion and support of Tourist activity favourable: slight acceptance of and support for Tourist activity unfavourable: aggressive opposition to Tourist activity unfavourable: silent acceptance but opposition to Tourist activity
   4. Staged Authenticity
3. Consequences for the host community
   1. social structure
   2. relocation of hosts
   3. politics
   4. morals
   5. language
   6. Resident's lifestyle

1. 4 Ps
   1. Target Market

      Annotations:

      • market segments must be measurable durable substantial competitive
   2. The Tourism Product

      Annotations:

      • The utilities and services offered to the market place 1. the core product 2. the tangible and intangible product 3. the augmented product the tourism product as a  tangible and intangible product destination amalgams the product as a series of stages experiences
   3. Price

      Annotations:

      • tourism is perishable and highly price elastic tactical and strategic approaches to pricing tactical: last seat selling strategic:  cost-oriented pricing demand oriented pricing discrimination pricing rate of return pricing
   4. Promotion

      Annotations:

      • plays a powerful role in influencing demand, reducing seasonality and creating loyalty promotion is about persuading, informing, reminding and communicating benefits to the potential consumer
   5. Distribution
2. Evolution of marketing approaches

   Annotations:

   • production oriented sales oriented marketing orientation societal marketing
3. Strategic Approaches

   Annotations:

   • product market portfolios growth and development strategies positioning brandingr
4. Tactical level

1. Social Drivers of Change

   Annotations:

   • demographic drivers social drivers
2. Political and Economic Drivers of Change

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   • trade blocks and regionalism globalisation economic drivers
3. Science and the Environmental drivers of change

   Annotations:

   • climate change depletion of natural resources loss of biodiversity
4. Tecnhological drivers of change
5. Transport Future

1. 3 pillars of sustainability
2. Types of tourism sustainability

   Annotations:

   • very weak sustainability/strond tourism imperative weak sustainability / product led tourism strond sustainability / environmental led tourism very strong sustainability / limited tourism
3. Instrument of tourism sustainability

   Annotations:

   • legislations and regulations and licensing certification schemes and self-declarations guidelines and codes of conduct reporting and auditing certification and ecolabels awards privare sector policies taxes and charges  etc
4. Role of the Government
5. Visitor Management

1. 5 main characteristics

   Annotations:

   • cultural appraisals multiple use perishability economic significance ownership
2. Wanhill market perception

   Annotations:

   • me-too attractions grand inspiration attraction new version attractions wonder attractions
3. Nature of core product

   Annotations:

   • natural or man made attractions 1. natural attractions 2. man-made visitor attractions 3. man-made and purpose built attractions 4. event attractions

1. Lashley and Morrison

   Annotations:

   • the private domain the commercial domain the social domain

1. Tour Operators
2. Travel Agents

1. Influences of consumer behaviour
2. models for consumer behaviour
   1. Cognitive approaches
   2. The habitual approach
   3. The reinforcement approach
   4. Sirakaya and woodside