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137588
Science Exam
Description
GCSE Science Mind Map on Science Exam, created by Reuben Udohaya on 22/06/2013.
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science
science
gcse
Mind Map by
Reuben Udohaya
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Reuben Udohaya
about 11 years ago
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Resource summary
Science Exam
Human Health And Diet
Proteins
Amino Acids
Different levels of proteins are needed, for different energy usages and life styles
Carbohydrate
Glucose
Is needed in repiration
Respiration= carbohydrate+Oxygen=Carbon Dioxide + Water+ Energy
Main Energy source of the human body
Stored in the liver as glycogen
Fat
Fatty Acid/ Glycerol
Are stored as an energy reserve and an insulator
Stored under the skin and around the body as adipose tissue
RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance
To calculate the EDA of how much protein it is 0.6*Weight
inflated stomach
Kwashiorkor
Malnutrition
Lack of protien
Low protein levels (low oncotic pressure)
With Low Protein the blood cannot hold fluid
It then leaks out as edema
Overpopulation
Not enough money to invest in agriculture
Edema
Fluid where it is not meant to be.In human body.
BMI
Body Mass Index
BMI measures the height to weight ratio
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Obese
Very Obese
To calculate BMI it's the Weight / Height^2
The Normal Tempreature of the human body is 37C
Measuring Fitness
strength
Stamina
Flexibility
Agility
Speed
cardiovascular efficiency
Fitness
The Ability to do physical activities
Health
The amount of freedom from disease
Fitness And Health
Blood Pressure
mmHg
MilliMeters Mercury
Systolic
The Rate At Which The Heart Pumps Blood Around The Body
Diastolic
The Rest Rate Of The Heart
Fitness And Its Link To Blood Pressure
People who are fit normally have a normal systolic and diastolic pressure
The average blood pressure 120/80
Types Of Fitness
Heart Disease
Causes of Heart Disease
Cholesterol
Plaque
C27H46O
Also Known As Lipid
A Fatty Substance
Important for the normal functioning of body
Made in the liver
Hyperlipidemia
Excessive amounts of lipids in blood
Causes Health Problem
On its own isn't enough to cause symptoms
Carried in blood by protiens
LDL
Low Density Lipoprotien
These carry lipoprotiens to the cells that need them
It can build up on artery walls
This means a higher risk
Known As Bad Cholesterol
HDL
High Density Lipoprotien
HDL carries cholesterol back to the liver
Once carried back to the liver it is either broken down or becomes a waste product
Lipoprotiens
Illness
Stroke
Mini Stroke
Heart Attack
Narrowing Arteries
Atherosclerosis
Eating over the GDA of salt, over a prelonged period
4 grams of salt for children dailey
6 grams for adults dailey
Thrombosis
Blood Clotting in Vein Or Artery
Stroke
When the blood flow of the brain is affected
Heart Attack
When the blood flow of the heart is affected
peripheral arterial disease
Blood clotting involving the legs
Smoking
Carbon Monoxide
Nicotine
The addictive substance in cigarettes
Increases the heart rate
Lessens the amount of HDL
Causes Adrenaline to be released, and so increasing the heart rate
Carbon Monoxide
Causes direct damage to the heart
Permantly Impears Cardiac Function
Lowers the oxygen capacity of the blood
It combines with Haemoglobin to compensate for the oxygen reduction, it also increases the heart rate
Staying Healthy
Pathogens
Virus
Are not alive, need a cell to multiply within. These can also infect bacteria.
The structure of a virus consist of
Nucleic acid
Contains the information to help the virus multiply
Makes the virus unique.
Lipid membrane
Covers the protein coat /or/ capsid, however many virus don't have thid
Protein Coat
This is a covering over the nucleic acid to protect it
Virus need the cell to multiply as they do not have any machinery on their own, so they must seek a cell to take over.
The Virus attaches it self to a receptor on the cell surface, each virus has a different preferred receptor
Stages
1.Virus attaches to cell this is called absorption
2.It injects its DNA or RNA into the cell this known as entry
3.The DNA or RNA takes control of the cell and begins to gather eynzems
4. The enzymes would start making replication of the virus
5. The virus of in the cell come together to form new virus, this is called assembly
6. The host is killed by the virus and the virus is released to look for another potential host cell. This is called Release
German measles
Chickenpox
Protozoa
Single celled eukaryotes, or an organism whose cells have nuclei.
Are sometimes carried by vectors such as mosquito
Malaria stages
1). Mosquito bite human and passes on plasmoduim
2).Plasmodium gets into the liver and reproduces, then enters red blood cells and reproduces again
3). Some red blood cells burst causing the symptoms, chill and fever
4).Another mosquito feeds and the plasmodium is passed on again
Mefloquine hydrochloride , also known as lariam
Heterotrophs
Eat other organisms/ do not produce their own food
Live in moist enviorments
Amoeba
When it feeds produces Pseudopods, which extend to engulf the food.
Ciliates
Ciliates use tiny little hair, cillia to move backward and forwards this is called Paramecuim
Fungi
Ringworm
any unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore producing organisms feeding on organic matter
Bacteria
components
Basal Body
This anchors the base of the flagellum allowing to rotate
Capsule
A protective layer outside the cell wall/sometimes.
Cell Wall
A thin layer of membrane in which is sandwiched between the capsule and the plasma membrane
DNA
Contains information on that is used in bacteria development
A genetic material with ribosomes inside
Flagellum
This is used for movement to propel the cells. some bacteria have more then one.
Pili
Spikes that allow the cell to stick to surfaces and transfer genetic material to other cells
Plasma membrane
Generates energy and transports chemicals. Substances can pass through the membrane .
Ribosomes
RNA
Whooping Cough
Bubonic Plague
A pathogen is an organism in which causes a disease
Disease
Scurvy is caused by lack of vitamin D
anaemia is caused by lack of iron
Cancer occurs when cells divide out of control.
Cancer Tumours can be malignant
Grow faster
Blood Clotting
When skin is penetrated blood rushes out and soon after pallets are meshed to the red blood cells with fibrin
Mucus
Traps dust and microbes
pushed up the throat by cillia
Hydrochloric acid
Kills bacteria in stomach
White Blood cells
Engulf pathogen
Produce antitoxin
Produce antibodies
White Blood cells remain so that if the same pathogen comes again it would be able to fight it off.
This is active immunity because you make your own antibodies.
Sometimes you may need drugs to fight the pathogen this is passive immunity
testing drugs
1). tested in laboratory and computer modelled
2).if it pass the first stage it can be tested on animals.
3). Clinical trials
Double blind trials
One patient is given a placebo the other the real drug
Immunisation
Different vaccinations are given for a different pathogen
Live pathogens made harmless
Harmless bits of the pathogen
Dead Pathogens
toxins produced by pathogens
These in turn would stimulate the white blood cells, so if someone get this pathogen in future they will be able to fight it off
Some pathogens are resistant to antibiotics such as MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
To stop the resistance we need to not use antibiotics unnecessary and complete treatment
The Nervous System
Multicellular organism use a nervous system to communitcate
Nervous system use electrical impulse
CNS
Central Nervous System
This is made up of the brain and the spinal cord
Nerve cells are neurones
Neurones
Axon
Axons are fibers which carry neural signal the, the larger the axon the quicker the signal is transmitted
Axons are covered in a fatty substance called myelin that acts as an insulator
May or may not have covering
Insulated axons carry information quicker
Most Neurons only have one axon
Nucleus
Contains genetic information. Chromosomes.
Nucleolus
produces ribosomes necessary for translation of genetic information into proteins
Dendrite
Dendrites carry electrical signals to the cell body
Motor
This moves the arm as an automatic reaction to the change or source of pain
Relay
After the sensory being stimulated, the relay would then send the signal to the brain and then send the command from the brain to the motor
Or it could be found in the spinal cord
Sensory
These would pick up change in tempreature, pressure.
Eyes
Sensitive to light
Ears
Vibration Sensitive
Nose
Chemicals in air
Skin
Touch, Pressure, pain
Tounge
Chemicals in food
Eyes
Iris
The iris has little muscles that dilate and constrict dependent of the light
Conrea
To focus light into the eye
Lens
Expands and fattens, to see near and far objects
Pupil
I hole that would allow light to pass
Sclear
Reflects light that has past through the choroid, and protects the eye
Vitreous Humor
The sack inside the year
Optic Nerve
Sends what the light receptors pick up to the brain as electrical signals
Retina
Contains light receptors to pick up light
Fovea
Color Vision
Macula
Provides Clear Vision
20/20
Choriod
An unreflective layer
Aqueous Humor
Focal point
The point at which the light is diffracted on to the retina
Light rays could go outside the focal path
Long-sightedness
Eyeball to short
Cornea not curved enough
Lens isn't thick enogugh
Focal point falls outside of retina
Short-sightedness
Focal point doesn't fall on retina
Enter text here
Inheritance
Male Mammals
Males carry XY sex chromosomes
Female Mammals
Females carry the XX Chromosome
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA carries the code that determines the characteristics of a living thing
identical twins
Have the same DNA
Because of DNA each fingerprint is unique
Gene
A gene is a base guide that makes up the DNA it shows how amino acids can be put together
Chromosomes
These are made up of Long Molecules of DNA
Are in Nucleus of a cell
23 pairs
Number of pair varies from species to species
Gametes
The male gamete is sperm
The female gamete is an egg cell
Contain half of the chromosomes in a normal cell
Alleles
Recessive
The eye color that will not be inherited
Dominate
Is the eye color or feature that will be inherited
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