Glycolysis

Annotations:

• Glucose Degradation Comes in 2 phases, Preparation Phase and Payoff Phase Provides 5% of the total energy Yield of the human body.

1. Glucose

   Annotations:

   • C6H12O6
   1. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

      Annotations:

      • ATP turns to ADP Catalysed by Hexokinase
      1. Fructose-6-Phosphate (F6P)

         Annotations:

         • Phosphoglucose Isomerase, changes/permutate the structure. Note that this process is reversible.
         1. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6bisP)

            Annotations:

            • Phosphofructokinase (Rate limiting Step) Utilize one ATP to ADP
            1. Intermediate

               Annotations:

               • Adolase will break the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into 2 possible isomers
               1. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

                  Annotations:

                  • Formed by Triose Phosphate
                  1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)

                     Annotations:

                     • Formed by breaking by adolase and using triosephosphate isomerase of dihydroxyacetone phosphate End of Preparation Phase
                     1. Pay off Phase Start

                        Annotations:

                        • From here on, it is the pay off phase.
                        1. 1,3- Biphosphoglycerate

                           Annotations:

                           • Oxidation of GAP to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate. Utilize one NAD+ to NADH and H+ Needs Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase This process is reversible.
                           1. 3-phosphoglycerate

                              Annotations:

                              • Uses phosphoglycerate Kinase with Mg2+ One Unit of ATP formed form 1 unit of ADP. Process is reversible
                              1. 2-phosphoglycerate

                                 Annotations:

                                 • Uses Phosphoglycerate mutase and Mg2+ Process is reversible
                                 1. Phosphoenolpyruvate

                                    Annotations:

                                    • Dehydration. Uses Enolase as a catalyst Process is reversible
                                    1. Pyruvate

                                       Annotations:

                                       • Final Form. ADP turns into ATP Utilize pyruvate kinase with Mg2+ and K+ Process is irreversible.
                                       1. Citric Acid Cycle (TCA)
                                       2. Lactate (Homolytic Fermentation)
                                       3. Ethanol Production (Alcoholic Fermentation)
                                       4. One ATP formed
                              2. One ATP formed
                           2. One NADH produced with 1 H+
            2. Another ATP used
      2. 1 ATP used