ATTENTION & PERCEPTION

SECTION 2 - NATURE OF ATTENTION
1. PHENOMENON OF CONSCIOUS ATTENTION
  1. EDGAR
    1. EMPHASISES THE SELECTION AND ALLOCATION OF COGNITIVE RESOURCES IN HIS DEFINITION
    2. REFERENCES TO SIMONS AND LEVIN - CHANGE BLINDNESS
    3. SUGGESTS LINKS WITH SOCIAL IDENTITY AS WELL AS PERCEPTION ITSELF
  2. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCH = WHY DO WE TAKE IN SO LITTLE?
  3. ALLOCATION OF ATTENTIONAL RESOURCES
    1. KAHNEMAN
      1. SUGGESTED NETWORK OF BRAIN CELLS WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANALYSING INCOMING INFORMATION
      2. ALREADY HELD WITHIN THE LIMITED CENTRAL CAPACITY PROCESSOR
        CAPACITY OF PROCESSOR = VARIABLE ACCORDING TO AROUSAL THAT BRAIN EXPERIENCES
        HIGH AROUSAL = PROCESSOR IS FUNCTIONING AT MAXIMUM
        LOW AROUSAL = MORE RESTRICTED - CHANGE BLINDNESS
      3. IN CONTRAST
        MCLEOD
        &
        MULTIPLE RESOURCES THEORIES GREW FROM MCLEOD
        IN RESPONSE TO CENTRAL PROCESSOR THEORIES
      4. POSNER AND BOIES
        DUAL TASK STUDIES
        BRAIN DOES NOT HAVE ONE CENTRAL PROCESSOR
        BECAUSE PEOPLE CAN ATTEND TO MORE THAN ONE ATTENTIONAL TASK AT A TIME
        AS LONG AS TASKS ARE FROM DIFFERENT MODALITIES
        MODALITIES NOT ESTABLISHED CLEARLY THOUGH
        IS NOT CLEAR IF ATTENTION IS REGULATED BY - CENTRAL PROCESSOR + MODALITY-SPECIFIC PROCESSORS
        OR
        IF THEY ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
        COMPLEMENTARY OR CONFLICTING??
      5. ATTENTIONAL SPOTLIGHT
        USING CENTRAL PROCESSOR MODEL
SECTION 1 - CLARIFICATION/DEFINITION
1. ATTENTION = PROCESS OF SELECTION
2. NON SELECTED INFO IS NOT ATTENDED TO
3. UNCONSCIOUS PERCEPTION
  1. TRIESMAN
    1. ATTENTION SWITCHING / COCKTAIL PARTY EFFECT
      1. WHEN OUR NAME IS CALLED AT A PARTY BY SOMEONE YOU WERE NOT FOCUSING ON AND YOU HEAR IT.
  2. SCHNEIDER & SHIFFRIN
    1. DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONTROLLED & AUTOMATIC PROCESSES
      1. AUTOMATIC PROCESSES = MAKE NO DEMANDS ON ATTENTIONAL RESOURCES, DO NOT DRAW ON ATTENTIONAL CAPACITY
        OR PROCESSING RESOURCES - HAPPEN WITHOUT CONSCIOUS AWARENESS
  3. UNCONSCIOUS PERCEPTIONS DO NOT SEEM TO REQUIRE ATTENTION
4. SOME OF INFO NOT SELECTED FOR ATTENTION IS PROCESSED OUTSIDE CONSCIOUS AWARENESS
  1. MUCH OF PROCESSING THAT TAKES PLACE DURING CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION ALSO HAPPENS OUT OF CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION
5. MEMORY PROCESSES
  1. EDGAR
  2. EPISODIC
    1. SPECIFIC EVENTS
    2. HIPPOCAMPUS
  3. SEMANTIC
    1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
    2. TEMPORAL CORTEX
SELECTION PROCESS THAT OPERATES BETWEEN WHAT IS SENSED & PERCIEVED
SENSATION -----> ATTENTION ----->PERCEPTION
ESSENTIAL PROCESS WHAT WE SENSE & PERCEIVE
2 KINDS - CONSCIOUS - (INVOLVES ATTENTION)
1. UNCONSCIOUS - (DOES NOT INVOLVE ATTENTION)
2. FOR EXTRA MARKS IN EXAM LINK BETWEEN DIFFERENT TOPIC AREAS
ONE CONSTANT = ATTENTIONAL PROCESSES ARE LIMITED IN CAPACITIES
1. SOME SENSORY INPUT GOES UNATTENDED
SELECTION OCCURS BY -
1. BROADBENT
  1. IT OCCURS AT EARLY STAGE OF PROCESSING
  2. ON BASIS OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INPUT
  3. SPLIT LIFESPAN EXPERIMENT
2. TRIESMAN
  1. ATTENTION WOULD BE SWITCHED FROM CURRENT FOCUS
  2. TO DIFFERENT ONE IF SECOND FOCUS IS MEANINGFUL AND SIGNIFICANT TO THE PERSON
    1. IE INFORMATION THAT WAS NOT BEING CONSCIOUSLY ATTENDED TO CAN ATTRACT OUR ATTENTION =
  3. AT SOME LEVEL IS BEING ATTENDED TO
  4. POSSIBILITY OF UNCONSCIOUS ATTENTION
3. EXTENDED DUE TO TRIESMAN
  1. SCHENIDER & SHRIFFIN
    1. DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONTROLLED (VOLUNTARY) & AUTOMATIC PROCESSES.
      1. AUTOMATIC PROCESSES = ECONOMICAL FOR COGNITIVE RESOURSES
        CAN BE HINDERANCE - IF TASK REQUIRES US TO INHIBIT/NULLIFY EFFECTS
        EG - STROOP EFFECT
        EG = FLANKER COMPATIBILITY EFFECT - LAVIE
4. SACKS
  1. GATHERING SENSORY INFO & LINKING IT TO STORED KNOWLEDGE
    1. ARE SEPERATE PROCESSES
      1. LINKING SENSORY INFO + STORED KNOWLEDGE = NON ATTENTIONAL PROCESS
        & BOTH GATHERING & LINKING ARE ESSENTIAL FOR PERCEPTION

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ATTENTION & PERCEPTION

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