Push and Pull factors for urbanisation and counter-urbanisation

Flowchart nodes

• Migration push and pull factors

• Rural

• Urban

• Push factors

• ExpensePollutionNoise

• Lack of jobsLack of services; close hospitals, schools, transportFew leisure facilitiesFew schoolsSubsistence farmingFewer schools Poverty Poor sewage disposalLack of clean waterPoor education and health provisionsLack of shelter

• Pull factors

• Permanent jobsDirect electric and water supplyBetter educationMore jobsBetter access to healthcareQuick services; emergency Better housingWider variation of foodLots of leisureTechnological advances Security

• Starting a family; more space, larger property for the money, fresh airRetirement; quietness, more space, fresh air