The Passive flowchart

Flowchart nodes

• The Passive (plays down the role of the initiator/actor and promotes the affected participant)

• Non-past .tw

• Past

• all affirtmative non-past situations ie present/incomplete state of affairs are passivised by adding the element .tw between the subject (if any) of a sDm-n=f form

• If there is no subject the passive is impersonal .tw/.t(w) can be used on its own functioning as a indefinite pronoun eng: (some)one / swe: man

• The specific/progressive construction iw=f Hr sDm "he is hearing" is not passivised in middle egyptian, where the construction iw sDm.tw=f is used also for this purpose.

• .tw can be attached like a suffix-pronoun to the initian particle AhA-n to form a stative with an impersonal .tw

• iw xr.tw n Hnt wA one can fall far because of greed

• iw  sxA.tw=f Hr bw-nfr He is remembered on account of goodness

• AhA-n.tw HA.w im Then one rejoiced therein

• The subjunnctive can also be passivised by .tw 

• Krs.t(w)=k you will be buried 

• Subjunctive form of verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility etc or actions that have not yet occurre. Occurres most often in subordinate clasues, particularly "that-clauses" ( compliment clauses in MEg).

• passive in other suffix-conjugation patterns

• Negations

• .tw is used in the past, present and future negated verb forms n-sDm=f, n sDm-n=f and nn sDm=f 

• The use of .tw in past sequential sDm-in=f represents the second exception to the rule that .tw is used only for the passivisation of non-past.

• iw(=f) iri=f 'he does iw(=f) Hr iri 'he is doing'  

• The narrative pattern sDm-xr=f form its passive with .tw

• sDm=f 'may he hear' (subj.) iw=f r sDm ' he shall hear'

• The differences between generic vs. specific present and indivative vs. subjunctive future are NOT expressed in the passive.

• iw sDm.tw=f 'he/it is being done'

• sDm.tw=f 'may he be heard/He shall be heard'

• In middle egyptian ALL NEGATION is passivised by .tw

• PAST: n-sDm.tw rn=i m r wHmw 'my name wan not hear in the  mouth of the reporter '

• FUTURE nn di.t(w)=k m inm n(y) sr 'You will not be placed in a skin of an ewe'

• PRESENT: n-sA-n.t(w) bA=i in ir.w a.t 'My soul is not restrained by the keepers of members'

• .tw not used , instead two supplementary constructions were used depending on the nature of the subject. 

• if the subject of a non-past state of affairs was NOT a personal pronoun but anything else such as a noun a MEg had a recourse to the  specific grammatical construction Past Passive sDm A

• past passive sDm A could not be used with personal pronouns. So to say things like 'I was seen' the stative of tranastive verbs - ie verbs that take direct objects were used 

• strong roots  sDm, sDm.w

• Doubling roots  mA, mA.w

• Extra weak roots  rdi, di, rdi.w, rd.y

• Weak roots  mr, mr.y, mr.w

• most important to note is the occational ending -w appearing in all root-classes

• Endings -w and -y are rare in practise and there is little formal signal that the PP sDm a is present. often clear from the word order instead

• not really a sDm=f form

• commom in initial main clauses 

• introduced by initial particle /auxilliary

• iw

• mk

• AhA-n

• also used in continuative main clauses  linked directly to the preceding clause

• occurrs commonly in adjunct clauses without introductory element to express relative past 

• ia-in=sn -sw SAd HpA=f 'then they washed him, after his navel-cord had been cut'

• AHA-n in -n=f smn wDA tp=f 'then a goose was brought ti him and its head was cut off'

• AHA-n rdi-kw r iw in wAw n(y) dAD-wr 'Then I was placed on an island by a wave of the sea'

• The Passive 1 (binary/octet-stream)