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| Question | Answer |
| Fill the gaps: Almost all of the ........ are moving way from each other with the ....... galaxies moving fastest. | Almost all of the galaxies are moving away from each other with the further galaxies moving fastest. |
| With the help of what new invention could Galileo observe the four moons orbiting Jupiter? | With the help of the newly invented telescope, Galileo observed four moons orbiting Jupiter. |
| What did this confirm? | This confirmed that not everything orbited the Earth. |
| What and whose idea did this new observation support? | This supported Copernicus' idea that planets orbit the Sun. |
| Why did the Roman Catholic Church not support Galileo's model? | The Roman Catholic Church did not support Galileo's model as they believed that the Earth was at the centre of the Universe and it was a very long time before it was accepted. |
| In the 17th century, Newton was working on hi theory of universal gravitation. What did this theory suggest? | In the 17th century, Newton was working on his theory of universal gravitation which suggested that all bodies attract to one another. |
| Why do we believe that gravitational collapse is prevented today? | Today, we believe that gravitational collapse is prevented because the Universe is constantly expanding as a result of the Big Bang. |
| What is red shift? | When a source of light is moving way from an observer, its wavelength appears to increase which shifts light towards the red end of the spectrum - red shift. |
| When scientists look at light from the Sun, what is there? | When scientists look at light from the Sun, there is a pattern of lines across the spectrum. |
| When is this same pattern observed? | This same pattern is observed when they look at light from distant stars but it is closer to the red end of the spectrum. |
| What can scientists use information from red shift to work out? | Scientists can use information from red shift to work out the age of the Universe. |
| What is a nebula? | The swirling cloud of gas and dust is a nebula. |
| Nebula clouds are pulled together by gravity and, as the spinning ball of gas starts to get hot, it glows. What is this known as? | This is a protostar. |
| Why can it not be seen? | This protostar cannot be seen because of the dust cloud. |
| What force causes the star to become smaller, hotter and brighter? | Gravity causes the star to become smaller, hotter and brighter. |
| What then happens to the star after millions of years? | After millions of years, the core temperature is hot enough for nuclear fusion to take place. |
| Fill the gaps: As ........ nuclei join together to form helium ......, energy is released and the star continues to shine while there is enough ......... | As hydrogen nuclei join together to form helium nuclei, energy is released and the star continues to shine while there is enough hydrogen. |
| Why do small stars shine for longer than large stars? | Small stars shine for longer than large stars because they have less hydrogen but use it up at a slower rate. |
| At the end of a medium-sized star's life what does it become? | A medium-sized star becomes a red giant. |
| What happens for a medium-sized star to became a red giant and then when it comes to the end of its life? | While the core contracts, the outer part cools, changes colour from yellow to red and expands: - gas shells, called planetary nebula, re thrown out - the core becomes a white dwarf shining very brightly but eventually cools to become a black dwarf. |
| What happens to large stars when it comes to the end of its life? | Large stars become red supergiants: as the core contracts and the outer part expands and, suddenly, the core collapses to form a neutron star and there is an explosion called a supernova - neutron stars are very dense - remnants from a supernova can merge to form a new star - the core of the neutron star continues to collapse, becomes even more dense and could forma black hole. |
| Describe the features of a black hole. | A black hole has a very large mass concentrated in a small volume so it has a very large density and its large mass means it has a very strong gravitational pull. |
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