Research Methods

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AS level Sociology (Miss Shearman) Flashcards on Research Methods, created by becky sharrock on 15/03/2017.
becky sharrock
Flashcards by becky sharrock, updated more than 1 year ago
becky sharrock
Created by becky sharrock over 7 years ago
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Question Answer
Advantages of Official Statistics Reliable, easy and cheap to access, large sample, historical trends, up to date
Disadvantages of Official Statistics Doesn't show understanding (whys), open to public abuse, decision to publish may be bias
advantages of closed question surveys reliable/standardised, large samples, less time consuming, cheaper, postal reaches many regions, less research imposition
disadvantages of closed question surveys not valid, low response rate, poor design (may be bias/leading)
advantages of closed question interviews provide quantitative data, can be analysed, comparable, conduct quickly increasing sample size
disadvantages of closed question interviews social desirability (acting how you want them to act), important questions can't be asked
advantages of observed behaviour see natural behaviour, valid
disadvantages of observed behaviour misinterpret behaviour, Hawthorne effect, people become too attached/going native
what are the types of random sampling? systematic, random and stratified
what are the non random sampling techniques? snowball, volunteer, quota, purposive, opportunity
what is simple random sampling? selecting a number of units (individuals/houses) from the sampling frame. usually computer generated
what is systematic sampling? picking out every nth person
what are the advantages of systematic sampling? equal chance of being chosen so no bias larger samples can be reasonably representative
disadvantages of systematic sampling might get a disproportionate number of people from the wrong category not always representative
what is stratified sampling? divide research population into different sampling frames then use systematic sampling to select the group for research
advantages of stratified sampling no bias representative
disadvantages of stratified sampling limited sample size if people refuse to take part
what is quota sampling? decides how many of each category of person should be used. then goes and looks for right people until quota is filled
advantages of quota sampling people fit specific characteristics for research, people likely to be interested in the research
disadvantages of quota sampling danger of bias, can't be generalised, not necessarily representative, may only stop 'co-operative people'
what is purposive sampling? researcher chooses individuals that fit the nature of the research. occurs when a researcher chooses a particular group or place to study as it is known to be the type wanted e.g. goths or headteachers
advantages of purposive sampling representative people fit specific characteristics people likely to be interested
disadvantages of purposive sampling danger of bias might not be generalisable
what is opportunity sampling? making the most of an opportunity to find the target population. for example going to an African church to interview African people
Advantages of opportunity sampling people want to take part
disadvantages of opportunity sampling not generalisable not representative as only certain types of people will take part
what is snowball sampling used when difficult to gain access. find and interview one person who fits the characteristics and asks them to bring/suggest other candidates
advantages of snowball sampling sample can grow as large as you want specific expertise in study
disadvantages of snowball sampling not generalisable not representative as only certain types take part
what is triangulation a technique that facilitates validation of data through cross verification from two or more sources, increasing validity
advantages of triangulation qualitative and quantitative, valid, check reliability of sources, check your own interpretation/conclusion
disadvantages of triangulation time consuming expensive some sociologists argue that some methods are unacceptable from their theoretical perspective
what are four problems with sampling? access (e.g. drug rings), sampling bias (when some members of the target population are excluded), Time, Informed consent (don't want to take part)
advantages of quantitative methods reliable, comparable, measurable, representative, generalisable, large scale, patterns and trends
disadvantages of quantitative methods lack validity can be misinterpreted research is only as good as the questions asked
advantages of qualitative data valid (closer to reality) verstehen/more personal detailed/in depth understand the 'whys' individual responses are reflected in the data
disadvantages of qualitative data subjective, not reliable, not measurable, not generalisable (small sample size), misinterpretations, not scientific
four features of qualitative data identified by Bryman 1. seeing through the eyes of the people being studied (verstehen) 2. description and emphasis on context (understand actions) 3. emphasis on process (over time) 4. flexibility (respondent answers how they want and focus on what they want to talk about)
practical issues of qualitative research recording data (passwords), financial costs, access (gate keeper?), safety, time, building rapport, Hawthorne effect
ethical issues when conducting research access, safety/harm (emotional, physical, mental), participants (shouldn't alter their lives), permission/informed consent, right to withdraw, building rapport, confidentiality (can't talk about it), anonymity (can't be traced back), debrief, right to privacy
advantages of interviews understand from participant's perspective; discover meanings, values, opinions and beliefs; build rapport; approach sensitive topics
disadvantages of interviews potential bias (hawthorne, rely on memories), researcher imposition, Interviewer Effect, Qualitative (subjective, relies on interpretations of researcher), can be hard to compare
types of interviews structured unstructured semi-structured
types of observation non participant (doesn't make contact with the group) participant (makes contact) overt covert
advantages of covert observation reduces the Hawthorne Effect Increases validity
Disadvantages of covert observation ethical issues has to keep up an act cannot openly take notes so relies on memory cannot ask naive but important questions
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