77710
Description
Flashcards by reynoldslaura, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by reynoldslaura
over 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the mode of action of chlorpheniramine? | It competes with histamine for the H1 receptor sites on effector cells of the GI tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract |
| Which drug appears to reduce aqueous humor production and can therefore be used as an antiglaucoma medicine? | Timolol |
| Which drug is an ACE inhibitor? | Ramipril (used to treat heart failure) |
| Which drugs cannot be given to asthmatics and why? | Atenolol and propanolol cannot be given as they are NON specific antagonists of β adrenergic receptors therefore they will cause bronchioconstriction at the β2 receptors in the lungs |
| Which drug could be used to reverse morphine overdose? | Naloxone - it is a competitive antagonist at opioid receptors (especially mu receptors- morphine is a mu-opioid agonist) |
| What does amlodipine do? and what can it be used to treat? | Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocking agent (like verapamil) - decreases arterial smooth muscle contractility and subsequent vasoconstriction by inhibiting influx of calcium ions- antihypertensive |
| What are the two uses of flurosemide? | Used to treat heart failure and can be used as a diuretic |
| How does bendroflumethiazide work? | It inhibits active Cl¯ reabsorption at the early distal tubule via Na⁺-Cl¯ co transporter so increases excretion of Na⁺, Cl¯ and H₂O |
| Give an example of an antithrombotic medicine and its mode of action. | Acetylsalicylic acid- functions by irreversibly inhibiting COX in platelets therefore preventing the formation of the aggregating agent thromboxane A2 for the whole life of the exposed platelet |
| Name an anti-acid | Aluminium hydroxide- reacts with excess acid in the stomach |
| How does insulin work? | It binds to the α subunit of the insulin receptor which stimulates its tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the β subunit . IR→IRS-1→PI3K→PDKI→PKB→translocation of GLUT-4 to plasma membrane |
| Give an example of a thyroid hormone | Levothyroxine |
| Give an example of a competitive antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. | Curare |
| What does the drug neostigmine do? | It inhibits acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft by competing with acetylcholine for attachment to acetylcholinedterase therefore prolongs the effects of acetylcholine |
| Which lasts longer, neostigmine or pyridostigmine? | Pyidostigmine , only slightly longer lasting |
| What does hydrocortisone do? | It binds with high affinity to specific cytoplasmic receptors to produce inhibition of leukocyte infiltration at the site of inflammation- suppression of humeral immune response |
| When can verapamil be used and what is its mode of action? | Verapamil is used as an antianginal medication - it inhibits influx of extracellular calcium across BOTH myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes |
| What does COX stand for? and what does it normally produce? | It stands for cyclooxygenase enzyme and it is an enzyme that produces prostaglandins and thromboxanes |
| What does Ramipril do and how does it function? | It is used to treat hypertension and heart failure and it works by competing with angiotensin I for binding at an angiotensin converting enzyme - thus blocking the conversion from angiotensin I →angiotensin II |
| What is warfarin's mode of action? | It inhibits vitamin K reductase resulting in depletion of the reduced form of vitamin K therefore causes subsequent inactivation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteins (II, VII, IX and X) |
| Give examples of two drugs that can be used as local anaesthetics. | Lidocaine, atropine or diazepam |
| How does diazepam work? | It works by enhancing GABA activity by acting at the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor complex to produce sedation |
| How does atropine work? | It is a COMPETITIVE antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor |
| Give examples of two NSAIDs | Asprin and paracetomal |
| How does asprin work? | It IRREVERSIBLY binds to the COX enzyme thus suppressing the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes to reduce inflammation |
| How does the mode of action of ibuprofen differ to that of asprin? | Ibuprofen reversibly inactivates the COX enzyme however asprin binds irreversibly |
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