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Flashcards by jennabarnes12387, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jennabarnes12387
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are analogous traits? | similar structures that are not the result of common evolution and ancestors. based on similar function but not always in morphology. comes from Homoplasy |
| what is homoplasy? | the cladisitc term for a analogous trait that leads to an analogous trait |
| what is a homologous trait? | a similar trait that is a result of a common ancestor |
| What is divergent Evolution | a common ancestor that leads to descendent species having shared homologous traits |
| whales and hippos have similar traits and have a common ancestor. What kind of traits do they share? | homologous |
| Dolphins, a mammal, and a primitive reptile looks similar but are not even in the same family. what kind of shared trait is this? | analogous |
| what is convergence? | similar appearance that is not do to common ancestry e.g. human height |
| what is Parallelsim? | the independent evolution of similar structures do to common ancestry in species that separated early in their evolution e.g. difference kinds of clawed feet in owls and hawks |
| what are character states? | the alternate form of a trait e.g. humans can be short medium or tall |
| what is a primitive character state? | the earlierst form of the trait that would eventally divide into different character states. if it is shared by many organisms it is called a share primitive character state or a symplesiomorphic trait |
| What is a derived character state? | a descendent character state that came from a primitive character state. a shared derived character state is called synapomorphic and is the same as homologous similarities |
| What is the phonetic approach to systematics? | this is numerical taxonomy, naming the organisms using numbers |
| What is the cladistics approach to systematics? | a way of classifying organisms based on phylogenetics |
| What is the synthetic approach to systematics? | this is evolutionary systematics and is a mix of cladistics and phonetic |
| Who were Peter Sneath and Robert Saki? Explain their approach to systematics. | both were scientists that studied soft-bodied animals. they were also both strong mathematicians and statisticians. Together the used one of the first computers to run an analyses using numbers to group organisms based on shared traits. no assumptions were made and the information was simply determined by measurable similarities and differences. all in 0s and 1s based on if a trat is present or not. this information was then printed by the computer into a dendrogram or a phenogram |
| Who was Will Hennic? What important information did he provide about systematics? | Will Hennic wrote a scientific book in old german so it didnt do very were. Two scienctists, one from the Us of from England, found his book and had it translated. The book stated that many characteristics can be measured but not all are useful. his study was based on characteristics that clearly reveal evolutionary relatiosnships by looking at shared derived characteristics or synapomorphies. stated that your phylogeny can be found from your classification |
| What are the three basic rules of cladistics? | all species in a natural must share the same most resent common ancestor. all species that share this ancestor must be included in this group. the end goal of this method is to make a monophyletic tree |
| what is a monophyletic group? | all species in this group share a most resent common ancestor. all species that shre this ancestor must be in this group. a cladogram shows many branched monophyletic groups with nodes where branches, which represent phyletic lineage, separates. the nodes represent a common ancestor. the ends of the branches are called terminal taxons which are the most specific groups |
| What is a polyphyletic group? | includes species from different monophyletic groups based on more general characterisitcs. e.g. humans and birds are from different monophyletic groupss but they are both warm blooded so they can be in a polyphyletic group together. |
| what is a paraphyletic group? | a taxon in which all the species included share a most recent common ancestor but not all species that have this most recent common ancestor is included |
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